tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-58000378888955884502024-03-14T00:56:58.903-07:00Pro Begger Fund Me A House Through Donations. Darcy Lee.ProBegger is here to make enough money through donations to purchase a house in Masterton New Zealand where I currently live.
I will most likely dwell in this house for the rest of my life. One Rich Person all it take.
My name is Darcy Lee this is PROBEGGER.comProBeggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07638759199181013879noreply@blogger.comBlogger36125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5800037888895588450.post-88955527565211753832023-02-22T14:48:00.002-08:002023-02-22T14:51:21.795-08:00Probegging FAQ #2<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhy25p3GnYTBXTn76dHFXWV53r6qGji70UTKoGRzzw7oxYwaMAVgeQ0YOKmHJfFEcCKPrAeD8AC60PnTeE-b6dlFzwwtv7XX-jQA9Gjw9PnnhDzWpFkGWkVoA3gjjNZ5uTyXQhViVFlQxVpSJwXEL6K2w9Iqq4yLYgihvf0BXKJLSPsf5wLxIPV8JI7ww/s1024/DALL%C2%B7E%202023-02-23%2011.50.20%20-%20a%20pro%20beggar%20with%20fire%20and%20angels%20all%20around%20him.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1024" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhy25p3GnYTBXTn76dHFXWV53r6qGji70UTKoGRzzw7oxYwaMAVgeQ0YOKmHJfFEcCKPrAeD8AC60PnTeE-b6dlFzwwtv7XX-jQA9Gjw9PnnhDzWpFkGWkVoA3gjjNZ5uTyXQhViVFlQxVpSJwXEL6K2w9Iqq4yLYgihvf0BXKJLSPsf5wLxIPV8JI7ww/s320/DALL%C2%B7E%202023-02-23%2011.50.20%20-%20a%20pro%20beggar%20with%20fire%20and%20angels%20all%20around%20him.png" width="320" /></a></div> Q: What is pro begging?<p></p><p>A: Pro begging is a term used to describe people who beg as a profession and take pride in their work. These individuals see begging as a legitimate form of work that requires effort and skill, rather than a passive or shameful act.</p><p><br /></p><p>Q: Is pro begging legal?</p><p>A: The legality of begging varies depending on the jurisdiction. In some places, begging is criminalized and beggars may face arrest or fines. In other places, begging is protected as a form of free speech or expression. However, even in places where begging is legal, beggars may still face harassment or violence from members of the public.</p><p><br /></p><p>Q: Why do people become pro beggars?</p><p>A: People become pro beggars for a variety of reasons. Some may be homeless, mentally ill, or struggling with addiction and have no other means of survival. Others may choose to beg as a way to assert their independence and autonomy, or to resist stigmatization and marginalization.</p><p><br /></p><p>Q: Do pro beggars earn a lot of money?</p><p>A: The amount of money that pro beggars earn varies widely depending on factors such as location, appearance, and approach. While some beggars may earn a substantial amount of money, others may earn very little. It is also important to note that begging is a precarious and unpredictable form of work, and beggars may face competition, weather conditions, and other challenges that can affect their earnings.</p><p><br /></p><p>Q: Is pro begging a sustainable form of work?</p><p>A: Pro begging is not a sustainable or desirable form of work in and of itself. Begging is a survival strategy that should be available to people who need it, but it is not a substitute for social policies and programs that address the root causes of poverty and inequality. Pro begging should be seen as a form of resistance and self-determination that can coexist with other forms of activism and advocacy.</p><p><br /></p><p>Q: How can we support pro beggars?</p><p>A: Supporting pro beggars means challenging the stigma and criminalization of begging, and recognizing the expertise and agency of beggars. We can support pro beggars by advocating for policies and programs that address poverty and inequality, and by donating money or resources to organizations that work with homeless or marginalized populations. We can also treat beggars with respect and compassion, and recognize their right to self-determination and autonomy.</p>ProBeggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07638759199181013879noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5800037888895588450.post-27151137734016191512023-02-22T14:09:00.000-08:002023-02-22T14:09:00.933-08:001000 Words on Pro Begging.<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEZjg0IeZlvrjJtxEgclgz7GG6ayKsxPnIQWVVEEgIEldYhy0V6hKXloTPN25VhAXvAqB-fiKQq76wEgpkdJkgAGpx1mQDZ479NK6JWkLDiDMMIF--ISzv4Ax2FmSl8tSmPDWgbR3yHVjoJUWGTAtgUm3F6do537PFY9FLzMotIT-1uQeNehLa2mI5Xw/s1024/DALL%C2%B7E%202023-02-23%2011.05.13%20-%20a%20pro%20beggar%20with%20fire.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1024" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEZjg0IeZlvrjJtxEgclgz7GG6ayKsxPnIQWVVEEgIEldYhy0V6hKXloTPN25VhAXvAqB-fiKQq76wEgpkdJkgAGpx1mQDZ479NK6JWkLDiDMMIF--ISzv4Ax2FmSl8tSmPDWgbR3yHVjoJUWGTAtgUm3F6do537PFY9FLzMotIT-1uQeNehLa2mI5Xw/s320/DALL%C2%B7E%202023-02-23%2011.05.13%20-%20a%20pro%20beggar%20with%20fire.png" width="320" /></a></div>A 1000 word article on Pro Begging<p></p><p><br /></p><p>As someone who spends a lot of time on the streets, I have witnessed and interacted with countless beggars. While many people view begging as a nuisance or even a scam, I have come to believe that begging can be a legitimate and even empowering means of survival. In this article, I will explore the idea of the "pro beggar," someone who begs as a profession and takes pride in their work.</p><p><br /></p><p>Firstly, it is important to understand that begging is often a last resort for people who have no other options. Many beggars are homeless, mentally ill, or struggling with addiction. They may have been let down by the social safety net, or have faced discrimination and barriers to employment. In these cases, begging can provide a means of survival that is flexible and requires no formal qualifications or references.</p><p><br /></p><p>However, begging is also stigmatized and criminalized in many societies. Beggars are often viewed as lazy, dishonest, or even dangerous. They may face harassment or arrest from law enforcement, or violence from members of the public. This can create a sense of shame and isolation for people who beg, and make it difficult for them to access resources and services.</p><p><br /></p><p>Despite these challenges, there are many people who beg with pride and skill. These individuals might be called "pro beggars," a term that recognizes the expertise and professionalism that can go into begging. Pro beggars may develop strategies and techniques for maximizing their earnings, such as choosing high-traffic locations, cultivating a sympathetic appearance or story, or tailoring their approach to different types of people. They may also develop relationships with regular donors, or form networks with other beggars to share tips and resources.</p><p><br /></p><p>What distinguishes pro begging from other forms of begging is the intentionality and agency behind it. Pro beggars see begging as a legitimate form of work that requires effort and skill, rather than a passive or shameful act. They may take pride in their ability to survive and thrive on the streets, and view begging as a way to assert their independence and autonomy.</p><p><br /></p><p>Of course, not all beggars identify as pro beggars, and many may not even be aware of the term. Moreover, it is important to acknowledge that begging is often a difficult and precarious form of work. Beggars may face harassment, abuse, or arrest, and may be subject to the whims of weather, location, and chance. They may also struggle with the emotional toll of begging, such as shame, fear, or guilt.</p><p><br /></p><p>Nevertheless, pro begging offers a counter-narrative to the idea that begging is inherently bad or pitiful. It suggests that begging can be a form of resistance and survival in the face of poverty and oppression. It also challenges the assumption that people who beg are passive or helpless, and instead highlights the creativity, resourcefulness, and agency that can go into begging.</p><p><br /></p><p>At the same time, it is important to recognize that pro begging is not a solution to poverty or homelessness. Begging is a survival strategy that should be available to people who need it, but it is not a substitute for social policies and programs that address the root causes of poverty and inequality. Instead, pro begging should be seen as a form of resistance and self-determination that can coexist with other forms of activism and advocacy.</p><p><br /></p><p>Furthermore, it is important to note that pro begging is not a homogeneous or static phenomenon. Beggars are diverse in their backgrounds, experiences, and perspectives, and may have different goals and strategies for begging. Some beggars may prioritize earning as much money as possible, while others may prioritize building relationships with donors or connecting with other beggars. Some may see begging as a temporary or transitional phase, while others may see it as a long-term or even lifelong pursuit.</p><p><br /></p><p>Ultimately, the concept of the pro beggar challenges us to rethink.<br /></p>ProBeggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07638759199181013879noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5800037888895588450.post-34227848411608750022019-05-29T19:34:00.000-07:002019-06-12T18:22:03.809-07:00Beggar VS Begger<h1 class="h3" style="background-color: #f8f8f8; box-sizing: inherit; color: #253343; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; margin-top: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: small;">
So the thing to gain from this is that Begger is an obsolete form of Beggar. They mean the same.</span></h1>
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Beggar vs. Begger - What's the difference?</h1>
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Wikipedia</h3>
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Beggar</div>
<div clas="desc" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1rem;">
Begging (also panhandling or mendicancy) is the practice of imploring others to grant a favor, often a gift of money, with little or no expectation of reciprocation. A person doing such is called a beggar, panhandler, or mendicant. Beggars may be found in public places such as transport routes, urban parks, and near busy markets. Besides money, they may also ask for food, drink, cigarettes or other small items.</div>
</li>
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Begger</div>
<div clas="desc" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1rem;">
Begging (also panhandling or mendicancy) is the practice of imploring others to grant a favor, often a gift of money, with little or no expectation of reciprocation. A person doing such is called a beggar, panhandler, or mendicant. Beggars may be found in public places such as transport routes, urban parks, and near busy markets. Besides money, they may also ask for food, drink, cigarettes or other small items.</div>
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</ul>
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Wiktionary</h3>
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<ul class="list-group list-group-flush" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-direction: column; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-left: 0px;">
<li class="list-group-item" style="border-bottom-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-radius: 0px; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; margin-bottom: -1px; padding: 0.75rem 1.25rem; position: relative;"><div class="term" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-weight: 700; margin-bottom: 5px;">
Beggar<span class="pos" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #555555; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; margin-left: 5px;"> (noun)</span></div>
<div clas="desc" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1rem;">
A person who begs.</div>
</li>
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Beggar<span class="pos" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #555555; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; margin-left: 5px;"> (noun)</span></div>
<div clas="desc" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1rem;">
A person suffering from extreme poverty.</div>
</li>
<li class="list-group-item" style="border-bottom-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-radius: 0px; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125); border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1px 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; margin-bottom: -1px; padding: 0.75rem 1.25rem; position: relative;"><div class="term" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-weight: 700; margin-bottom: 5px;">
Beggar<span class="pos" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #555555; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; margin-left: 5px;"> (noun)</span></div>
<div clas="desc" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1rem;">
A mean or wretched person; a scoundrel.</div>
<div class="samp" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px;">
"What does that silly beggar think he's doing?"</div>
</li>
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Beggar<span class="pos" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #555555; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; margin-left: 5px;"> (verb)</span></div>
<div clas="desc" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1rem;">
To make a beggar of someone; impoverish.</div>
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Beggar<span class="pos" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #555555; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; margin-left: 5px;"> (verb)</span></div>
<div clas="desc" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1rem;">
To exhaust the resources of; to outdo.</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
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Begger<span class="pos" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #555555; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; margin-left: 5px;"> (noun)</span></div>
<div clas="desc" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1rem;">
obsolete form of beggar</div>
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</ul>
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</div>
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Oxford Dictionary</h3>
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<li class="list-group-item" style="border-bottom-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-radius: 0px; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; margin-bottom: -1px; padding: 0.75rem 1.25rem; position: relative;"><div class="term" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-weight: 700; margin-bottom: 5px;">
Beggar<span class="pos" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #555555; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; margin-left: 5px;"> (noun)</span></div>
<div clas="desc" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1rem;">
a person, typically a homeless one, who lives by asking for money or food.</div>
</li>
<li class="list-group-item" style="border-bottom-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-radius: 0px; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125); border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1px 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; margin-bottom: -1px; padding: 0.75rem 1.25rem; position: relative;"><div class="term" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-weight: 700; margin-bottom: 5px;">
Beggar<span class="pos" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #555555; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; margin-left: 5px;"> (noun)</span></div>
<div clas="desc" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1rem;">
a person of a specified type, especially one to be envied or pitied</div>
<div class="samp" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px;">
"poor little beggars"</div>
</li>
<li class="list-group-item" style="border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-radius: 0px; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125); border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1px 0px 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0.75rem 1.25rem; position: relative;"><div class="term" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-weight: 700; margin-bottom: 5px;">
Beggar<span class="pos" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #555555; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; margin-left: 5px;"> (verb)</span></div>
<div clas="desc" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1rem;">
reduce (someone) to poverty</div>
<div class="samp" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px;">
"why should I beggar myself for you?"</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="card border-secondary rounded-0 mb-2" style="background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; border-color: rgb(222, 229, 237) !important; border-image: initial; border-radius: 0px; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #212529; display: flex; flex-direction: column; font-family: "roboto slab", -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "segoe ui", Roboto, "helvetica neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 0.5rem !important; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; position: relative;">
<h3 class="h5 card-header rounded-0 bg-secondary text-dark p-2 pl-3" style="background-color: rgb(222, 229, 237) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125); border-radius: 0px !important; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(37, 51, 67) !important; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1.25rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0.5rem 0.5rem 0.5rem 1rem !important;">
Webster Dictionary</h3>
<div class="card-body" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 auto; padding: 1.25rem;">
<ul class="list-group list-group-flush" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-direction: column; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-left: 0px;">
<li class="list-group-item" style="border-bottom-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-radius: 0px; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; margin-bottom: -1px; padding: 0.75rem 1.25rem; position: relative;"><div class="term" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-weight: 700; margin-bottom: 5px;">
Beggar<span class="pos" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #555555; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; margin-left: 5px;"> (noun)</span></div>
<div clas="desc" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1rem;">
One who begs; one who asks or entreats earnestly, or with humility; a petitioner.</div>
</li>
<li class="list-group-item" style="border-bottom-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-radius: 0px; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125); border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1px 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; margin-bottom: -1px; padding: 0.75rem 1.25rem; position: relative;"><div class="term" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-weight: 700; margin-bottom: 5px;">
Beggar<span class="pos" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #555555; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; margin-left: 5px;"> (noun)</span></div>
<div clas="desc" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1rem;">
One who makes it his business to ask alms.</div>
</li>
<li class="list-group-item" style="border-bottom-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-radius: 0px; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125); border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1px 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; margin-bottom: -1px; padding: 0.75rem 1.25rem; position: relative;"><div class="term" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-weight: 700; margin-bottom: 5px;">
Beggar<span class="pos" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #555555; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; margin-left: 5px;"> (noun)</span></div>
<div clas="desc" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1rem;">
One who is dependent upon others for support; - a contemptuous or sarcastic use.</div>
</li>
<li class="list-group-item" style="border-bottom-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-radius: 0px; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125); border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1px 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; margin-bottom: -1px; padding: 0.75rem 1.25rem; position: relative;"><div class="term" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-weight: 700; margin-bottom: 5px;">
Beggar<span class="pos" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #555555; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; margin-left: 5px;"> (noun)</span></div>
<div clas="desc" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1rem;">
One who assumes in argument what he does not prove.</div>
</li>
<li class="list-group-item" style="border-bottom-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-radius: 0px; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125); border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1px 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; margin-bottom: -1px; padding: 0.75rem 1.25rem; position: relative;"><div class="term" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-weight: 700; margin-bottom: 5px;">
Beggar</div>
<div clas="desc" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1rem;">
To reduce to beggary; to impoverish; as, he had beggared himself.</div>
</li>
<li class="list-group-item" style="border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-radius: 0px; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125); border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1px 0px 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0.75rem 1.25rem; position: relative;"><div class="term" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-weight: 700; margin-bottom: 5px;">
Beggar</div>
<div clas="desc" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1rem;">
To cause to seem very poor and inadequate.</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="card border-secondary rounded-0 mb-2" style="background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; border-color: rgb(222, 229, 237) !important; border-image: initial; border-radius: 0px; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #212529; display: flex; flex-direction: column; font-family: "roboto slab", -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "segoe ui", Roboto, "helvetica neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 0.5rem !important; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; position: relative;">
<h3 class="h5 card-header rounded-0 bg-secondary text-dark p-2 pl-3" style="background-color: rgb(222, 229, 237) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125); border-radius: 0px !important; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(37, 51, 67) !important; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1.25rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0.5rem 0.5rem 0.5rem 1rem !important;">
Princeton's WordNet</h3>
<div class="card-body" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 auto; padding: 1.25rem;">
<ul class="list-group list-group-flush" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-direction: column; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-left: 0px;">
<li class="list-group-item" style="border-bottom-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-radius: 0px; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; margin-bottom: -1px; padding: 0.75rem 1.25rem; position: relative;"><div class="term" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-weight: 700; margin-bottom: 5px;">
Beggar<span class="pos" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #555555; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; margin-left: 5px;"> (noun)</span></div>
<div clas="desc" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1rem;">
a pauper who lives by begging</div>
</li>
<li class="list-group-item" style="border-bottom-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-radius: 0px; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125); border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1px 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; margin-bottom: -1px; padding: 0.75rem 1.25rem; position: relative;"><div class="term" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-weight: 700; margin-bottom: 5px;">
Beggar<span class="pos" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #555555; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; margin-left: 5px;"> (verb)</span></div>
<div clas="desc" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1rem;">
be beyond the resources of;</div>
<div class="samp" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px;">
"This beggars description!"</div>
</li>
<li class="list-group-item" style="border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-radius: 0px; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125); border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1px 0px 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0.75rem 1.25rem; position: relative;"><div class="term" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-weight: 700; margin-bottom: 5px;">
Beggar<span class="pos" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #555555; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; margin-left: 5px;"> (verb)</span></div>
<div clas="desc" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1rem;">
reduce to beggary</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<br />
<div class="row" style="background-color: #f8f8f8; box-sizing: inherit; color: #212529; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; font-family: "roboto slab", -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "segoe ui", Roboto, "helvetica neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">
<div class="col-12 mt-1 mb-1" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 0 0 100%; margin-bottom: 0.25rem !important; margin-top: 0.25rem !important; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; width: 866px;">
<div class="card rounded-0 border-secondary" style="background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; border-color: rgb(222, 229, 237) !important; border-image: initial; border-radius: 0px; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-direction: column; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; position: relative;">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<br />
<div class="card border-secondary rounded-0 mb-2" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; border-color: rgb(222, 229, 237) !important; border-image: initial; border-radius: 0px; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #212529; display: flex; flex-direction: column; font-family: "roboto slab", -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "segoe ui", Roboto, "helvetica neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin-bottom: 0.5rem !important; min-width: 0px; orphans: 2; overflow-wrap: break-word; position: relative; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">
<h3 class="h5 card-header rounded-0 bg-secondary text-dark p-2 pl-3" style="background-color: rgb(222, 229, 237) !important; border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125); border-radius: 0px !important; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(37, 51, 67) !important; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1.25rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0.5rem 0.5rem 0.5rem 1rem !important;">
Illustrations</h3>
<div class="card-body" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 1 1 auto; padding: 1.25rem;">
<div style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">
<b style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">Beggar</b></div>
<div class="container gallery-container" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #35373a; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 1140px; padding: 10px; width: 794px;">
<div class="tz-gallery" style="box-sizing: inherit;">
<div class="row mb-3" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 1rem !important; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;">
<div class="col-6 col-sm-4 col-md-3" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 0 0 25%; max-width: 25%; min-height: 1px; padding: 2px; position: relative; width: 201px;">
<a class="lightbox" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Beggar_in_Uppsala%2C_Sweden.jpg/900px-Beggar_in_Uppsala%2C_Sweden.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #007bff; text-decoration: none; touch-action: manipulation;"></a><br />
<div class="img" style="background: url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Beggar_in_Uppsala%2C_Sweden.jpg/300px-Beggar_in_Uppsala%2C_Sweden.jpg") no-repeat; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; height: 0px; padding-bottom: 197px; position: relative; width: 197px;">
</div>
<a class="lightbox" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Beggar_in_Uppsala%2C_Sweden.jpg/900px-Beggar_in_Uppsala%2C_Sweden.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #007bff; text-decoration: none; touch-action: manipulation;">
</a></div>
<div class="col-6 col-sm-4 col-md-3" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 0 0 25%; max-width: 25%; min-height: 1px; padding: 2px; position: relative; width: 201px;">
<a class="lightbox" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Bettler_in_Teheran_Sevruguin_02.jpg/900px-Bettler_in_Teheran_Sevruguin_02.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #007bff; text-decoration: none; touch-action: manipulation;"></a><br />
<div class="img" style="background: url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Bettler_in_Teheran_Sevruguin_02.jpg/300px-Bettler_in_Teheran_Sevruguin_02.jpg") no-repeat; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; height: 0px; padding-bottom: 197px; position: relative; width: 197px;">
</div>
<a class="lightbox" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Bettler_in_Teheran_Sevruguin_02.jpg/900px-Bettler_in_Teheran_Sevruguin_02.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #007bff; text-decoration: none; touch-action: manipulation;">
</a></div>
<div class="col-6 col-sm-4 col-md-3" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 0 0 25%; max-width: 25%; min-height: 1px; padding: 2px; position: relative; width: 201px;">
<a class="lightbox" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/CanIHaveABeerMan.jpg/900px-CanIHaveABeerMan.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #007bff; text-decoration: none; touch-action: manipulation;"></a><br />
<div class="img" style="background: url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/CanIHaveABeerMan.jpg/300px-CanIHaveABeerMan.jpg") no-repeat; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; height: 0px; padding-bottom: 197px; position: relative; width: 197px;">
</div>
<a class="lightbox" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/CanIHaveABeerMan.jpg/900px-CanIHaveABeerMan.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #007bff; text-decoration: none; touch-action: manipulation;">
</a></div>
<div class="col-6 col-sm-4 col-md-3" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 0 0 25%; max-width: 25%; min-height: 1px; padding: 2px; position: relative; width: 201px;">
<a class="lightbox" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/India_-_Kolkata_street_beggar_-_3246.jpg/900px-India_-_Kolkata_street_beggar_-_3246.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #007bff; text-decoration: none; touch-action: manipulation;"></a><br />
<div class="img" style="background: url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/India_-_Kolkata_street_beggar_-_3246.jpg/300px-India_-_Kolkata_street_beggar_-_3246.jpg") no-repeat; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; height: 0px; padding-bottom: 197px; position: relative; width: 197px;">
</div>
<a class="lightbox" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/India_-_Kolkata_street_beggar_-_3246.jpg/900px-India_-_Kolkata_street_beggar_-_3246.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #007bff; text-decoration: none; touch-action: manipulation;">
</a></div>
<div class="col-6 col-sm-4 col-md-3" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 0 0 25%; max-width: 25%; min-height: 1px; padding: 2px; position: relative; width: 201px;">
<a class="lightbox" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ivan_Yermenyov._Singing_beggars.jpg/900px-Ivan_Yermenyov._Singing_beggars.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #007bff; text-decoration: none; touch-action: manipulation;"></a><br />
<div class="img" style="background: url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ivan_Yermenyov._Singing_beggars.jpg/300px-Ivan_Yermenyov._Singing_beggars.jpg") no-repeat; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; height: 0px; padding-bottom: 197px; position: relative; width: 197px;">
</div>
<a class="lightbox" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ivan_Yermenyov._Singing_beggars.jpg/900px-Ivan_Yermenyov._Singing_beggars.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #007bff; text-decoration: none; touch-action: manipulation;">
</a></div>
<div class="col-6 col-sm-4 col-md-3" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 0 0 25%; max-width: 25%; min-height: 1px; padding: 2px; position: relative; width: 201px;">
<a class="lightbox" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/OldBeggar1.jpg/900px-OldBeggar1.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #007bff; text-decoration: none; touch-action: manipulation;"></a><br />
<div class="img" style="background: url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/OldBeggar1.jpg/300px-OldBeggar1.jpg") no-repeat; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; height: 0px; padding-bottom: 197px; position: relative; width: 197px;">
</div>
<a class="lightbox" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/OldBeggar1.jpg/900px-OldBeggar1.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #007bff; text-decoration: none; touch-action: manipulation;">
</a></div>
<div class="col-6 col-sm-4 col-md-3" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 0 0 25%; max-width: 25%; min-height: 1px; padding: 2px; position: relative; width: 201px;">
<a class="lightbox" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Signs_in_Sarahan%2C_India.jpg/900px-Signs_in_Sarahan%2C_India.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #007bff; text-decoration: none; touch-action: manipulation;"></a><br />
<div class="img" style="background: url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Signs_in_Sarahan%2C_India.jpg/300px-Signs_in_Sarahan%2C_India.jpg") no-repeat; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; height: 0px; padding-bottom: 197px; position: relative; width: 197px;">
</div>
<a class="lightbox" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Signs_in_Sarahan%2C_India.jpg/900px-Signs_in_Sarahan%2C_India.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #007bff; text-decoration: none; touch-action: manipulation;">
</a></div>
<div class="col-6 col-sm-4 col-md-3" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 0 0 25%; max-width: 25%; min-height: 1px; padding: 2px; position: relative; width: 201px;">
<a class="lightbox" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Twis-05.jpg/900px-Twis-05.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #007bff; text-decoration: none; touch-action: manipulation;"></a><br />
<div class="img" style="background: url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Twis-05.jpg/300px-Twis-05.jpg") no-repeat; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; height: 0px; padding-bottom: 197px; position: relative; width: 197px;">
</div>
<a class="lightbox" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Twis-05.jpg/900px-Twis-05.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #007bff; text-decoration: none; touch-action: manipulation;">
</a></div>
<div class="col-6 col-sm-4 col-md-3" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 0 0 25%; max-width: 25%; min-height: 1px; padding: 2px; position: relative; width: 201px;">
<a class="lightbox" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a8/Woman_begging.jpg/900px-Woman_begging.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #007bff; text-decoration: none; touch-action: manipulation;"></a><br />
<div class="img" style="background: url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a8/Woman_begging.jpg/300px-Woman_begging.jpg") no-repeat; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; height: 0px; padding-bottom: 197px; position: relative; width: 197px;">
</div>
<a class="lightbox" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a8/Woman_begging.jpg/900px-Woman_begging.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #007bff; text-decoration: none; touch-action: manipulation;">
</a></div>
<div class="col-6 col-sm-4 col-md-3" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 0 0 25%; max-width: 25%; min-height: 1px; padding: 2px; position: relative; width: 201px;">
<a class="lightbox" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Beggar1.jpg/900px-Beggar1.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #007bff; text-decoration: none; touch-action: manipulation;"></a><br />
<div class="img" style="background: url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Beggar1.jpg/300px-Beggar1.jpg") no-repeat; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; height: 0px; padding-bottom: 197px; position: relative; width: 197px;">
</div>
<a class="lightbox" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Beggar1.jpg/900px-Beggar1.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #007bff; text-decoration: none; touch-action: manipulation;">
</a></div>
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<a class="lightbox" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/My_baby.jpg/900px-My_baby.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #007bff; text-decoration: none; touch-action: manipulation;"></a><br />
<div class="img" style="background: url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/My_baby.jpg/300px-My_baby.jpg") no-repeat; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; height: 0px; padding-bottom: 197px; position: relative; width: 197px;">
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<a class="lightbox" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/My_baby.jpg/900px-My_baby.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #007bff; text-decoration: none; touch-action: manipulation;">
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<div style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">
<b style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">Begger</b></div>
<div class="container gallery-container" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #35373a; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 1140px; padding: 10px; width: 794px;">
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<a class="lightbox" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Beggar_in_Uppsala%2C_Sweden.jpg/900px-Beggar_in_Uppsala%2C_Sweden.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #007bff; text-decoration: none; touch-action: manipulation;"></a><br />
<div class="img" style="background: url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Beggar_in_Uppsala%2C_Sweden.jpg/300px-Beggar_in_Uppsala%2C_Sweden.jpg") no-repeat; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; height: 0px; padding-bottom: 197px; position: relative; width: 197px;">
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<a class="lightbox" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Beggar_in_Uppsala%2C_Sweden.jpg/900px-Beggar_in_Uppsala%2C_Sweden.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #007bff; text-decoration: none; touch-action: manipulation;">
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<a class="lightbox" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Bettler_in_Teheran_Sevruguin_02.jpg/900px-Bettler_in_Teheran_Sevruguin_02.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0056b3; text-decoration: underline; touch-action: manipulation;"></a><br />
<div class="img" style="background: url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Bettler_in_Teheran_Sevruguin_02.jpg/300px-Bettler_in_Teheran_Sevruguin_02.jpg") no-repeat; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; height: 0px; padding-bottom: 197px; position: relative; width: 197px;">
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<a class="lightbox" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Bettler_in_Teheran_Sevruguin_02.jpg/900px-Bettler_in_Teheran_Sevruguin_02.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0056b3; text-decoration: underline; touch-action: manipulation;">
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<div class="col-6 col-sm-4 col-md-3" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 0 0 25%; max-width: 25%; min-height: 1px; padding: 2px; position: relative; width: 201px;">
<a class="lightbox" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/CanIHaveABeerMan.jpg/900px-CanIHaveABeerMan.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #007bff; text-decoration: none; touch-action: manipulation;"></a><br />
<div class="img" style="background: url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/CanIHaveABeerMan.jpg/300px-CanIHaveABeerMan.jpg") no-repeat; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; height: 0px; padding-bottom: 197px; position: relative; width: 197px;">
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<a class="lightbox" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/CanIHaveABeerMan.jpg/900px-CanIHaveABeerMan.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #007bff; text-decoration: none; touch-action: manipulation;">
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<div class="col-6 col-sm-4 col-md-3" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 0 0 25%; max-width: 25%; min-height: 1px; padding: 2px; position: relative; width: 201px;">
<a class="lightbox" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/India_-_Kolkata_street_beggar_-_3246.jpg/900px-India_-_Kolkata_street_beggar_-_3246.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #007bff; text-decoration: none; touch-action: manipulation;"></a><br />
<div class="img" style="background: url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/India_-_Kolkata_street_beggar_-_3246.jpg/300px-India_-_Kolkata_street_beggar_-_3246.jpg") no-repeat; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; height: 0px; padding-bottom: 197px; position: relative; width: 197px;">
</div>
<a class="lightbox" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/India_-_Kolkata_street_beggar_-_3246.jpg/900px-India_-_Kolkata_street_beggar_-_3246.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #007bff; text-decoration: none; touch-action: manipulation;">
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<a class="lightbox" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ivan_Yermenyov._Singing_beggars.jpg/900px-Ivan_Yermenyov._Singing_beggars.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #007bff; text-decoration: none; touch-action: manipulation;"></a><br />
<div class="img" style="background: url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ivan_Yermenyov._Singing_beggars.jpg/300px-Ivan_Yermenyov._Singing_beggars.jpg") no-repeat; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; height: 0px; padding-bottom: 197px; position: relative; width: 197px;">
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<a class="lightbox" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ivan_Yermenyov._Singing_beggars.jpg/900px-Ivan_Yermenyov._Singing_beggars.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #007bff; text-decoration: none; touch-action: manipulation;">
</a></div>
<div class="col-6 col-sm-4 col-md-3" style="box-sizing: inherit; flex: 0 0 25%; max-width: 25%; min-height: 1px; padding: 2px; position: relative; width: 201px;">
<a class="lightbox" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/OldBeggar1.jpg/900px-OldBeggar1.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #007bff; text-decoration: none; touch-action: manipulation;"></a><br />
<div class="img" style="background: url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/OldBeggar1.jpg/300px-OldBeggar1.jpg") no-repeat; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; height: 0px; padding-bottom: 197px; position: relative; width: 197px;">
</div>
<a class="lightbox" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/OldBeggar1.jpg/900px-OldBeggar1.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #007bff; text-decoration: none; touch-action: manipulation;">
</a></div>
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<a class="lightbox" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Signs_in_Sarahan%2C_India.jpg/900px-Signs_in_Sarahan%2C_India.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #007bff; text-decoration: none; touch-action: manipulation;"></a><br />
<div class="img" style="background: url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Signs_in_Sarahan%2C_India.jpg/300px-Signs_in_Sarahan%2C_India.jpg") no-repeat; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; height: 0px; padding-bottom: 197px; position: relative; width: 197px;">
</div>
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<a class="lightbox" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Twis-05.jpg/900px-Twis-05.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #007bff; text-decoration: none; touch-action: manipulation;"></a><br />
<div class="img" style="background: url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Twis-05.jpg/300px-Twis-05.jpg") no-repeat; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; height: 0px; padding-bottom: 197px; position: relative; width: 197px;">
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<a class="lightbox" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a8/Woman_begging.jpg/900px-Woman_begging.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #007bff; text-decoration: none; touch-action: manipulation;"></a><br />
<div class="img" style="background: url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a8/Woman_begging.jpg/300px-Woman_begging.jpg") no-repeat; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; height: 0px; padding-bottom: 197px; position: relative; width: 197px;">
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<a class="lightbox" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a8/Woman_begging.jpg/900px-Woman_begging.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #007bff; text-decoration: none; touch-action: manipulation;">
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ProBeggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07638759199181013879noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5800037888895588450.post-13241471114315342502019-05-21T00:52:00.000-07:002019-05-21T00:52:07.999-07:00KnewZealand.comI'm currently trying to sell the domain <a href="http://www.knewzealand.com/">KnewZealand.com</a> on <a href="https://www.trademe.co.nz/computers/domain-names/auction-2153786201.htm?rsqid=7bcafba8fb354c9cb2ded9bd76a9befa-002">TradeMe.co.nz</a> with a starting bid of $1000 no reserve and a buy out of $10000.<div>
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Here's some info about about New Zealand:</div>
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<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 1.8em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; overflow: visible; padding: 0px;">
New Zealand</h1>
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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<a class="mw-jump-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#mw-head" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); color: #0b0080; display: block; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute !important; text-decoration-line: none; width: 1px;">Jump to navigation</a><a class="mw-jump-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#p-search" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); color: #0b0080; display: block; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute !important; text-decoration-line: none; width: 1px;">Jump to search</a><div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="direction: ltr;">
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<div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
This article is about the country. For other uses, see <a class="mw-disambig" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_(disambiguation)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Zealand (disambiguation)">New Zealand (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: -0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
"NZ" redirects here. For other uses, see <a class="mw-disambig" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NZ_(disambiguation)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="NZ (disambiguation)">NZ (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span id="coordinates" style="float: right; font-size: 11.05px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: 0px; text-align: right; top: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><img alt="" class="wmamapbutton noprint" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/WMA_button2b.png/17px-WMA_button2b.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/WMA_button2b.png/17px-WMA_button2b.png 1x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/WMA_button2b.png/34px-WMA_button2b.png 2x" style="border: 0px; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px; vertical-align: middle;" title="Show location on an interactive map" /><a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=New_Zealand&params=42_S_174_E_scale:5000000_source:GNS" style="background: none !important; color: #663366; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="geo-default" style="display: inline;"><span class="geo-dms" style="display: inline;" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°S</span> <span class="longitude">174°E</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></div>
<table class="infobox geography vcard" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.32px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 22em;"><tbody>
<tr><th class="adr" colspan="2" style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.25em 0.33em 0.33em; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><div class="fn org country-name" style="display: inline;">
New Zealand</div>
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<i lang="mi" title="Māori language text">Aotearoa</i> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size: 13.09px;">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Māori language">Māori</a>)</span></div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Flag of New Zealand"><img alt="Blue field with the Union Flag in the top right corner, and four red stars with white borders to the right." class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" decoding="async" height="63" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/125px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/188px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/250px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="125" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Flag of New Zealand">Flag</a></div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Coat of arms of New Zealand"><img alt="A quartered shield, flanked by two figures, topped with a crown." data-file-height="655" data-file-width="680" decoding="async" height="82" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="85" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Coat of arms of New Zealand">Coat of arms</a></div>
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<b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_anthems_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="National anthems of New Zealand">Anthems</a>:</b><br /><div class="plainlist">
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;">"<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_Defend_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="God Defend New Zealand">God Defend New Zealand</a>"<br /><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><div class="center" style="width: 254.563px;">
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<img class="playerPoster" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mNkqAcAAIUAgUW0RjgAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" style="border: 0px; bottom: 0px; height: 20px; left: 100px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; position: absolute; right: 0px; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 20px;" /></div>
<div class="play-btn-large" style="background: url("/w/extensions/TimedMediaHandler/resources/mwembed/EmbedPlayer/skins/kskin/images/ksprite.png?3c85d") 0px -433px no-repeat; border: none; cursor: pointer; height: 55px; left: 110px; margin-left: -35px; margin-right: auto; margin-top: -27.5px; position: absolute; top: 10px; width: 70px;" title="Play clip">
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<div class="ui-state-default ui-widget-header ui-helper-clearfix control-bar block" style="background: url("/w/extensions/TimedMediaHandler/resources/mwembed/EmbedPlayer/skins/kskin/images/ksprite.png?3c85d") 0px -81px repeat-x; border-bottom-color: rgb(200, 200, 200); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(200, 200, 200); border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px 1px; bottom: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; height: 20px; left: 0px; line-height: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 0px 6px; position: absolute; right: 0px; z-index: 2; zoom: 1;">
<div class="ui-state-default ui-corner-bl rButton k-options" style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll transparent !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170) !important; cursor: pointer; float: right; font-family: "Lucida Grande", "Lucida Sans", Arial, sans-serif; height: 21px; list-style: none outside none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: -2px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; width: 50px;" title="Player options">
<span style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; position: relative; top: 4px;">MENU</span></div>
<div class="ui-slider ui-slider-horizontal rButton volume-slider ui-widget ui-widget-content ui-corner-all" style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll transparent !important; border-radius: 5px !important; border: medium none; cursor: pointer; direction: ltr; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; height: 16px; list-style: none outside none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 2px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: left; width: 20px; z-index: 1503;">
<div class="ui-slider-range ui-widget-header ui-slider-range-min" style="background: url("/w/extensions/TimedMediaHandler/resources/mwembed/EmbedPlayer/skins/kskin/images/ksprite.png?3c85d") -66px -306px repeat-x scroll transparent !important; border: 0px; color: #222222; font-size: 0.7em; font-weight: bold; height: 17px; left: 0px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 16px; z-index: 1;">
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<div class="ui-state-default ui-corner-all ui-icon_link rButton volume_control" style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll transparent !important; border-radius: 5px !important; border: medium none; color: #2779aa; cursor: pointer; float: right; height: 16px; list-style: none outside none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: 2px; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: 16px;" title="Volume control">
<span class="ui-icon ui-icon-volume-on" style="background: url("/w/extensions/TimedMediaHandler/resources/mwembed/EmbedPlayer/skins/kskin/images/ksprite.png?3c85d") 0px -48px no-repeat scroll transparent; display: block; height: 16px; left: 0.2em; margin: -8px 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; right: auto; text-indent: -99999px; top: 8px; width: 16px; zoom: 1;"></span></div>
<div class="ui-state-default ui-corner-all ui-icon_link rButton timed-text" style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll transparent !important; border-radius: 5px !important; border: medium none; color: #2779aa; cursor: pointer; float: right; height: 16px; list-style: none outside none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 2px; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: 22px;" title="Timed text">
<span class="ui-icon ui-icon-comment" style="background: url("/w/extensions/TimedMediaHandler/resources/mwembed/EmbedPlayer/skins/kskin/images/ksprite.png?3c85d") 0px -65px no-repeat scroll transparent; display: block; height: 16px; left: 0.2em; margin: -8px 5px 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; right: auto; text-indent: -99999px; top: 8px; width: 16px; zoom: 1;"></span></div>
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<div class="ui-state-default ui-corner-all ui-icon_link lButton play-btn" style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll transparent !important; border-radius: 5px !important; border: medium none; color: #2779aa; cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 16px; list-style: none outside none; margin: 2px; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: 19px;" title="Play clip">
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</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;">"<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_Save_the_Queen" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="God Save the Queen">God Save the Queen</a>"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[n 1]</a></sup></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.4em 0.6em; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth.svg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Location of New Zealand, including outlying islands, its territorial claim in the Antarctic, and Tokelau"><img alt="A map of the hemisphere centred on New Zealand, using an orthographic projection." data-file-height="512" data-file-width="512" decoding="async" height="250" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth.svg/250px-NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth.svg/375px-NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth.svg/500px-NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="250" /></a><div style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;">
Location of New Zealand, including outlying islands, its <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Dependency" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ross Dependency">territorial claim in the Antarctic</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokelau" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.4em 0.6em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Capital</th><td style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.4em 0.6em; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wellington">Wellington</a><br /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><img alt="" class="wmamapbutton noprint" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/WMA_button2b.png/17px-WMA_button2b.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/WMA_button2b.png/17px-WMA_button2b.png 1x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/WMA_button2b.png/34px-WMA_button2b.png 2x" style="border: 0px; cursor: pointer; padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px; vertical-align: middle;" title="Show location on an interactive map" /><a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=New_Zealand&params=41_17_S_174_27_E_type:city" style="background: none !important; color: #663366; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: normal;"><span class="geo-default" style="display: inline;"><span class="geo-dms" style="display: inline;" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude" style="white-space: nowrap;">41°17′S</span> <span class="longitude" style="white-space: nowrap;">174°27′E</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); border-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0.6em 0.4em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Largest city</th><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); border-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0.6em 0.4em; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Auckland">Auckland</a></td></tr>
<tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.4em 0.6em 0.2em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Official languages</th><td style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.4em 0.6em 0.2em; vertical-align: top;"><div class="plainlist">
<ul style="line-height: inherit; list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_English" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Zealand English">English</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[n 2]</a></sup></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Māori language">Māori</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NZ_Sign_Language" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="NZ Sign Language">NZ Sign Language</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.4em 0.6em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_group" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a><div style="display: inline; font-weight: normal;">
(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_New_Zealand_census" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="2013 New Zealand census">2013</a>)</div>
</th><td style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.4em 0.6em; vertical-align: top;"><div class="plainlist">
<ul style="line-height: inherit; list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; white-space: nowrap;">74.0% <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_New_Zealanders" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="European New Zealanders">European</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ethnicity_5-0" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-ethnicity-5" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[n 3]</a></sup></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; white-space: nowrap;">14.9% <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Māori people">Māori</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; white-space: nowrap;">11.8% <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_New_Zealanders" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Asian New Zealanders">Asian</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; white-space: nowrap;">7.4% <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pacific Islander">Pacific peoples</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; white-space: nowrap;">1.2% <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Eastern_people" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Middle Eastern people">ME</a>/<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Americans" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Latin Americans">LA</a>/<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_New_Zealanders" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="African New Zealanders">African</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; white-space: nowrap;">1.7% Other<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-QuickStats_ethnicity_6-0" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-QuickStats_ethnicity-6" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.4em 0.6em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonym" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.4em 0.6em; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealanders" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Zealanders">New Zealander</a><br /><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiwi_(people)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kiwi (people)">Kiwi</a> (informal)</span></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.4em 0.6em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Politics of New Zealand">Government</a></th><td style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.4em 0.6em; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_state" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_system" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a></td></tr>
<tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" style="border: 0px; padding: 0px 0.6em 0.2em; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"></td></tr>
<tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="border: 0px; padding: 0px 0.6em 0.2em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><div style="font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1.2em; text-indent: -0.9em;">
• <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">Monarch</a></div>
</th><td style="border: 0px; padding: 0px 0.6em 0.2em; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></td></tr>
<tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="border: 0px; padding: 0px 0.6em 0.2em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><div style="font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1.2em; text-indent: -0.9em;">
• <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Governor-General of New Zealand">Governor-General</a></span></div>
</th><td style="border: 0px; padding: 0px 0.6em 0.2em; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patsy_Reddy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Patsy Reddy">Patsy Reddy</a></td></tr>
<tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="border: 0px; padding: 0px 0.6em 0.2em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><div style="font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1.2em; text-indent: -0.9em;">
• <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Prime Minister of New Zealand">Prime Minister</a></div>
</th><td style="border: 0px; padding: 0px 0.6em 0.2em; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jacinda Ardern">Jacinda Ardern</a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.4em 0.6em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Legislature</th><td style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.4em 0.6em; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Parliament" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Zealand Parliament">Parliament</a><br />(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Zealand House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>)</td></tr>
<tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.4em 0.6em 0.2em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Independence of New Zealand">Stages of independence</a> <div style="display: inline; font-weight: normal;">
from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></div>
</th></tr>
<tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" style="border: 0px; padding: 0px 0.6em 0.2em; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"></td></tr>
<tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="border: 0px; padding: 0px 0.6em 0.2em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><div style="font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1.2em; text-indent: -0.9em;">
• <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1856_Sewell_Ministry" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="1856 Sewell Ministry">Responsible government</a></div>
</th><td style="border: 0px; padding: 0px 0.6em 0.2em; vertical-align: top;">7 May 1856</td></tr>
<tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="border: 0px; padding: 0px 0.6em 0.2em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><div style="font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1.2em; text-indent: -0.9em;">
• <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dominion of New Zealand">Dominion</a></div>
</th><td style="border: 0px; padding: 0px 0.6em 0.2em; vertical-align: top;">26 September 1907</td></tr>
<tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="border: 0px; padding: 0px 0.6em 0.2em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><div style="font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1.2em; text-indent: -0.9em;">
• <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_Adoption_Act_1947" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947">Statute of Westminster adopted</a></div>
</th><td style="border: 0px; padding: 0px 0.6em 0.2em; vertical-align: top;"><br />25 November 1947</td></tr>
<tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.4em 0.6em 0.2em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Geography of New Zealand">Area</a></th></tr>
<tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="border: 0px; padding: 0px 0.6em 0.2em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><div style="font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1.2em; text-indent: -0.9em;">
• Total</div>
</th><td style="border: 0px; padding: 0px 0.6em 0.2em; vertical-align: top;">268,021 km<sup style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1;">2</sup>(103,483 sq mi) (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">75th</a>)</td></tr>
<tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); border-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0.6em 0.4em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><div style="font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1.2em; text-indent: -0.9em;">
• Water (%)</div>
</th><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); border-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0.6em 0.4em; vertical-align: top;">1.6<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-8" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[n 4]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.4em 0.6em 0.2em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Demographics of New Zealand">Population</a></th></tr>
<tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="border: 0px; padding: 0px 0.6em 0.2em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><div style="font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1.2em; text-indent: -0.9em;">
• May 2019 estimate</div>
</th><td style="border: 0px; padding: 0px 0.6em 0.2em; vertical-align: top;">4,964,490<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-populationestimate_9-0" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-populationestimate-9" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">120th</a>)</td></tr>
<tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="border: 0px; padding: 0px 0.6em 0.2em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><div style="font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1.2em; text-indent: -0.9em;">
• 2013 census</div>
</th><td style="border: 0px; padding: 0px 0.6em 0.2em; vertical-align: top;">4,242,048</td></tr>
<tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); border-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0.6em 0.4em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><div style="font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1.2em; text-indent: -0.9em;">
• Density</div>
</th><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); border-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0.6em 0.4em; vertical-align: top;">18.2/km<sup style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1;">2</sup> (47.1/sq mi) (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">203rd</a>)</td></tr>
<tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.4em 0.6em 0.2em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <span style="font-weight: normal;">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</span></th><td style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.4em 0.6em 0.2em; vertical-align: top;">2018 estimate</td></tr>
<tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="border: 0px; padding: 0px 0.6em 0.2em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><div style="font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1.2em; text-indent: -0.9em;">
• Total</div>
</th><td style="border: 0px; padding: 0px 0.6em 0.2em; vertical-align: top;">$199 billion<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-imf2_10-0" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-imf2-10" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); border-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0.6em 0.4em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><div style="font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1.2em; text-indent: -0.9em;">
• Per capita</div>
</th><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); border-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0.6em 0.4em; vertical-align: top;">$40,266<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-imf2_10-1" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-imf2-10" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.4em 0.6em 0.2em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <span style="font-weight: normal;">(nominal)</span></th><td style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.4em 0.6em 0.2em; vertical-align: top;">2018 estimate</td></tr>
<tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="border: 0px; padding: 0px 0.6em 0.2em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><div style="font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1.2em; text-indent: -0.9em;">
• Total</div>
</th><td style="border: 0px; padding: 0px 0.6em 0.2em; vertical-align: top;">$206 billion<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-imf2_10-2" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-imf2-10" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); border-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0.6em 0.4em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><div style="font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1.2em; text-indent: -0.9em;">
• Per capita</div>
</th><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); border-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0.6em 0.4em; vertical-align: top;">$41,616<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-imf2_10-3" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-imf2-10" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.4em 0.6em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_coefficient" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <span style="font-weight: normal;">(2014)</span></th><td style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.4em 0.6em; vertical-align: top;">33.0<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-11" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup><br /><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span style="color: orange;">medium</span></span> · <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_income_equality" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of countries by income equality">22nd</a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.4em 0.6em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <span style="font-weight: normal;">(2017)</span></th><td style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.4em 0.6em; vertical-align: top;"><img alt="Increase" data-file-height="300" data-file-width="300" decoding="async" height="11" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" title="Increase" width="11" /> 0.917<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-HDI_12-0" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-HDI-12" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup><br /><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span style="color: darkgreen;">very high</span></span> · <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">16th</a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.4em 0.6em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Currency</th><td style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.4em 0.6em; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_dollar" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Zealand dollar">New Zealand dollar</a> ($) (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_4217" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISO 4217">NZD</a>)</td></tr>
<tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.4em 0.6em 0.2em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Time zone</th><td style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.4em 0.6em 0.2em; vertical-align: top;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+12</span> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_in_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Time in New Zealand">NZST</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-13" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[n 5]</a></sup>)</td></tr>
<tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); border-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0.6em 0.4em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><div style="font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1.2em; text-indent: -0.9em;">
• Summer (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</div>
</th><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); border-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0.6em 0.4em; vertical-align: top;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+13</span> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_in_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Time in New Zealand">NZDT</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-15" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[n 6]</a></sup>)</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.4em 0.6em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Date format</th><td style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.4em 0.6em; vertical-align: top;"><abbr style="border-bottom: 0px; cursor: help;" title="day">dd</abbr>/<abbr style="border-bottom: 0px; cursor: help;" title="month">mm</abbr>/<abbr style="border-bottom: 0px; cursor: help;" title="year">yyyy</abbr><br /><abbr style="border-bottom: 0px; cursor: help;" title="year">yyyy</abbr>-<abbr style="border-bottom: 0px; cursor: help;" title="month">mm</abbr>-<abbr style="border-bottom: 0px; cursor: help;" title="day">dd</abbr><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-16" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.4em 0.6em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Driving side</a></th><td style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.4em 0.6em; vertical-align: top;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-_and_left-hand_traffic#New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Right- and left-hand traffic">left</a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.4em 0.6em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Telephone numbers in New Zealand">Calling code</a></th><td style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.4em 0.6em; vertical-align: top;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%2B64" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="+64">+64</a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.4em 0.6em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.4em 0.6em; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-2:NZ" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISO 3166-2:NZ">NZ</a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.4em 0.6em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.4em 0.6em; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nz" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title=".nz">.nz</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<b>New Zealand</b> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Māori language">Māori</a>: <i lang="mi"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aotearoa" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Aotearoa">Aotearoa</a></i> <small style="font-size: 11.9px;"></small><span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/M%C4%81ori" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none !important;" title="Help:IPA/Māori">[aɔˈtɛaɾɔa]</a></span>) is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sovereign state">sovereign</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_country" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Island country">island country</a> in the southwestern <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses—the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Island" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="North Island">North Island</a> (<i>Te Ika-a-Māui</i>), and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Island" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="South Island">South Island</a> (<i>Te Waipounamu</i>)—and around 600 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of islands of New Zealand">smaller islands</a>. New Zealand is situated some 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) east of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Australia">Australia</a> across the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasman_Sea" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tasman Sea">Tasman Sea</a> and roughly 1,000 kilometres (600 mi) south of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Pacific island areas</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>. Because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. During its long period of isolation, New Zealand developed a distinct <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Biodiversity of New Zealand">biodiversity</a> of animal, fungal, and plant life. The country's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks, such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Alps" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Southern Alps">Southern Alps</a>, owe much to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonic_uplift" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tectonic uplift">tectonic uplift</a> of land and volcanic eruptions. New Zealand's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Capital of New Zealand">capital city</a> is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wellington">Wellington</a>, while its most populous city is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>.</div>
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Sometime between 1250 and 1300, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesians" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Polynesians">Polynesians</a> settled in the islands that later were named New Zealand and developed a distinctive <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_culture" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Māori culture">Māori culture</a>. In 1642, Dutch explorer <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel_Tasman" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Abel Tasman">Abel Tasman</a> became the first European to sight New Zealand. In 1840, representatives of the United Kingdom and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Māori people">Māori</a> chiefs signed the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Treaty of Waitangi">Treaty of Waitangi</a>, which declared British sovereignty over the islands. In 1841, New Zealand <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Colony of New Zealand">became a colony</a> within the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and in 1907 it <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dominion of New Zealand">became a dominion</a>; it gained <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Independence of New Zealand">full statutory independence</a> in 1947 and the British monarch remained the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_state" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Head of state">head of state</a>. Today, the majority of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand%27s_population" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Zealand's population">New Zealand's population</a> of 4.9 million is of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_New_Zealanders" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="European New Zealanders">European descent</a>; the indigenous Māori are the largest minority, followed by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_New_Zealanders" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Asian New Zealanders">Asians</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pacific Islander">Pacific Islanders</a>. Reflecting this, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand%27s_culture" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Zealand's culture">New Zealand's culture</a> is mainly derived from Māori and early British settlers, with recent broadening arising from increased <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Immigration to New Zealand">immigration</a>. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Languages of New Zealand">official languages</a> are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Māori language">Māori</a>, and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NZ_Sign_Language" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="NZ Sign Language">NZ Sign Language</a>, with English being very dominant.</div>
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A <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developed_country" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Developed country">developed country</a>, New Zealand <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_rankings_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International rankings of New Zealand">ranks highly</a> in international comparisons of national performance, such as quality of life, health, education, protection of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_liberties" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_freedom" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Economic freedom">economic freedom</a>. New Zealand underwent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogernomics" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rogernomics">major economic changes</a> during the 1980s, which transformed it from a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectionist" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Protectionist">protectionist</a> to a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_liberalization" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Economic liberalization">liberalised</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-trade" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Free-trade">free-trade</a>economy. The service sector dominates the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Economy of New Zealand">national economy</a>, followed by the industrial sector, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Agriculture in New Zealand">agriculture</a>; international <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tourism in New Zealand">tourism</a> is a significant source of revenue. Nationally, legislative authority is vested in an elected, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicameral" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Unicameral">unicameral</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Parliament" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Zealand Parliament">Parliament</a>, while executive political power is exercised by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cabinet of New Zealand">Cabinet</a>, led by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Prime Minister of New Zealand">prime minister</a>, currently <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jacinda Ardern">Jacinda Ardern</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Queen Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a> is the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">country's monarch</a> and is represented by a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Governor-General of New Zealand">governor-general</a>, currently <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dame_Patsy_Reddy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dame Patsy Reddy">Dame Patsy Reddy</a>. In addition, New Zealand is organised into 11 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Regions of New Zealand">regional councils</a> and 67 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_authorities_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Territorial authorities of New Zealand">territorial authorities</a> for local government purposes. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a> also includes <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokelau" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a> (a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dependent territory">dependent territory</a>); the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_Islands" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niue" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Niue">Niue</a> (self-governing states in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_state" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Associated state">free association</a> with New Zealand); and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Dependency" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a>, which is New Zealand's <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_claim_in_Antarctica" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Territorial claim in Antarctica">territorial claim in Antarctica</a>. New Zealand is a member of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANZUS" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations#ASEAN_Plus_Three_and_Six" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">ASEAN Plus Six</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Community" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pacific Community">Pacific Community</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum</a>.</div>
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<h2 style="background: none; border: 0px; color: black; display: inline; font-size: 13.3px; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
Contents</h2>
<span class="toctogglespan" style="font-size: 12.502px;"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox" style="color: #0645ad; cursor: pointer;"></label></span></div>
<ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#Etymology" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Etymology</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#History" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#Government_and_politics" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Government and politics</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#Foreign_relations_and_military" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Foreign relations and military</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#Local_government_and_external_territories" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Local government and external territories</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#Environment" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Environment</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#Geography" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Geography</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#Climate" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Climate</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#Biodiversity" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Biodiversity</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#Economy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Economy</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#Trade" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">5.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Trade</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#Infrastructure" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">5.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Infrastructure</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#Demography" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Demography</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#Ethnicity_and_immigration" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">6.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Ethnicity and immigration</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#Language" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">6.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Language</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#Religion" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">6.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Religion</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#Education" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">6.4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Education</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#Culture" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">7</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Culture</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#Art" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">7.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Art</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#Literature" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">7.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Literature</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#Media_and_entertainment" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">7.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Media and entertainment</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#Sports" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">7.4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Sports</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#Cuisine" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">7.5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Cuisine</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#See_also" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">8</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#Footnotes" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">9</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Footnotes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#Citations" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">10</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Citations</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#References" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">11</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#Further_reading" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">12</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#External_links" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">13</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">External links</span></a></li>
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<h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Etymology">Etymology</span></h2>
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See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_place_names" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Zealand place names">New Zealand place names</a></div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Detail_of_1657_map_Polus_Antarcticus_by_Jan_Janssonius,_showing_Nova_Zeelandia.png" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Brown square paper with Dutch writing and a thick red, curved line" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="532" data-file-width="684" decoding="async" height="171" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Detail_of_1657_map_Polus_Antarcticus_by_Jan_Janssonius%2C_showing_Nova_Zeelandia.png/220px-Detail_of_1657_map_Polus_Antarcticus_by_Jan_Janssonius%2C_showing_Nova_Zeelandia.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Detail_of_1657_map_Polus_Antarcticus_by_Jan_Janssonius%2C_showing_Nova_Zeelandia.png/330px-Detail_of_1657_map_Polus_Antarcticus_by_Jan_Janssonius%2C_showing_Nova_Zeelandia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Detail_of_1657_map_Polus_Antarcticus_by_Jan_Janssonius%2C_showing_Nova_Zeelandia.png/440px-Detail_of_1657_map_Polus_Antarcticus_by_Jan_Janssonius%2C_showing_Nova_Zeelandia.png 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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Detail from a 1657 map showing the western coastline of "Nova Zeelandia". (In this map, north is at the bottom.)</div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> explorer Abel Tasman sighted New Zealand in 1642 and named it <i>Staten Land</i> "in honour of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="States General of the Netherlands">States General</a>" (Dutch parliament). He wrote, "it is possible that this land joins to the Staten Land but it is uncertain",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-17" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup> referring to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_de_los_Estados" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Isla de los Estados">a landmass of the same name</a> at the southern tip of South America, discovered by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Le_Maire" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jacob Le Maire">Jacob Le Maire</a> in 1616.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-18" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-19" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup> In 1645, Dutch <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartographers" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cartographers">cartographers</a> renamed the land <i>Nova Zeelandia</i> after the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeen_Provinces" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Seventeen Provinces">Dutch province</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeeland" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Zeeland">Zeeland</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-20" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-21" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup> British explorer <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> subsequently <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicisation" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Anglicisation">anglicised</a> the name to New Zealand.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NZ_name_22-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-NZ_name-22" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup></div>
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<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aotearoa" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Aotearoa">Aotearoa</a></i> (pronounced <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none !important;" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/aʊ/: 'ou' in 'mouth'">aʊ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɛəˈr/: 'ere' in 'thereof'">ɛəˈr</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>; often translated as "land of the long white cloud")<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing200341_23-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing200341-23" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup> is the current Māori name for New Zealand. It is unknown whether Māori had a name for the whole country before the arrival of Europeans, with <i>Aotearoa</i> originally referring to just the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Island" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="North Island">North Island</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayMaclaganGordon200872_24-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayMaclaganGordon200872-24" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[18]</a></sup> Māori had several traditional names for the two main islands, including <i>Te Ika-a-Māui</i> (the fish of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ui_(M%C4%81ori_mythology)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Māui (Māori mythology)">Māui</a>) for the North Island and <i>Te Waipounamu</i> (the waters of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pounamu" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pounamu">greenstone</a>) or <i>Te Waka o Aoraki</i> (the canoe of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aoraki" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Aoraki">Aoraki</a>) for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Island" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="South Island">South Island</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMein_Smith20056_25-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMein_Smith20056-25" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup> Early European maps labelled the islands North (North Island), Middle (South Island) and South (<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Island_/_Rakiura" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stewart Island / Rakiura">Stewart Island / Rakiura</a>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-26" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[20]</a></sup> In 1830, maps began to use North and South to distinguish the two largest islands and by 1907 this was the accepted norm.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NZ_name_22-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-NZ_name-22" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Geographic_Board" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Zealand Geographic Board">New Zealand Geographic Board</a> discovered in 2009 that the names of the North Island and South Island had never been formalised, and names and alternative names were formalised in 2013. This set the names as North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui, and South Island or Te Waipounamu.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Williamson2013_27-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-Williamson2013-27" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></sup> For each island, either its English or Māori name can be used, or both can be used together.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Williamson2013_27-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-Williamson2013-27" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2>
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Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="History of New Zealand">History of New Zealand</a></div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polynesian_Migration.svg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="One set of arrows point from Taiwan to Melanesia to Fiji/Samoa and then to the Marquesas Islands. The population then spread, some going south to New Zealand and others going north to Hawai'i. A second set start in southern Asia and end in Melanesia." class="thumbimage" data-file-height="553" data-file-width="553" decoding="async" height="290" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Polynesian_Migration.svg/290px-Polynesian_Migration.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Polynesian_Migration.svg/435px-Polynesian_Migration.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Polynesian_Migration.svg/580px-Polynesian_Migration.svg.png 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="290" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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<a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polynesian_Migration.svg" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2215%22 height=%2211%22 viewBox=%220 0 11 15%22%3E %3Cg id=%22magnify-clip%22 fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%23000%22%3E %3Cpath id=%22bigbox%22 d=%22M1.509 1.865h10.99v7.919H1.509z%22/%3E %3Cpath id=%22smallbox%22 d=%22M-1.499 6.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #0b0080; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Māori people">Māori people</a> are most likely descended from people who emigrated from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanesia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> and then travelled east through to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_Islands" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Society Islands">Society Islands</a>. After a pause of 70 to 265 years, a new wave of exploration led to the discovery and settlement of New Zealand.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28" style="font-size: 9.89632px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-28" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[22]</a></sup></div>
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New Zealand was one of the last major landmasses settled by humans. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Radiocarbon dating">Radiocarbon dating</a>, evidence of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-29" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[23]</a></sup> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a> variability within <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Māori people">Māori</a> populations<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-30" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[24]</a></sup> suggest New Zealand was first settled by Eastern <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesians" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Polynesians">Polynesians</a> between 1250 and 1300,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMein_Smith20056_25-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMein_Smith20056-25" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-31" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[25]</a></sup> concluding a long series of voyages through the southern Pacific islands.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-32" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup> Over the centuries that followed, these settlers developed a distinct culture now known as Māori. The population was divided into <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwi" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Iwi">iwi</a></i> (tribes) and <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hap%C5%AB" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hapū">hapū</a></i> (subtribes) who would sometimes cooperate, sometimes compete and sometimes fight against each other.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-33" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[27]</a></sup> At some point a group of Māori migrated to <i>Rēkohu</i>, now known as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham_Islands" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chatham Islands">Chatham Islands</a>, where they developed their distinct <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moriori" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Moriori">Moriori</a> culture.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-34" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[28]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-35" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[29]</a></sup> The Moriori population was all but wiped out between 1835 and 1862, largely because of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taranaki_(iwi)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Taranaki (iwi)">Taranaki</a> Māori invasion and enslavement in the 1830s, although European diseases also contributed. In 1862 only 101 survived, and the last known full-blooded Moriori died in 1933.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-36" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[30]</a></sup></div>
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An early map of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Australasia">Australasia</a>during the Golden Age of Dutch exploration (<abbr style="border-bottom: 0px; cursor: help;" title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> 1590s</span> – c.<span style="white-space: nowrap;"> 1720s</span>). Based on a chart by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Blaeu" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Joan Blaeu">Joan Blaeu</a>, c.<span style="white-space: nowrap;"> 1644</span>.</div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cook_chart_of_New_Zealand.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="An engraving of a sketched coastline on white background" data-file-height="1508" data-file-width="1093" decoding="async" height="235" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cook_chart_of_New_Zealand.jpg/170px-Cook_chart_of_New_Zealand.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cook_chart_of_New_Zealand.jpg/255px-Cook_chart_of_New_Zealand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cook_chart_of_New_Zealand.jpg/340px-Cook_chart_of_New_Zealand.jpg 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="170" /></a></div>
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Map of the New Zealand coastline as Cook charted it on his <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_voyage_of_James_Cook" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="First voyage of James Cook">first visit</a> in 1769–70. The track of the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Endeavour" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="HMS Endeavour">Endeavour</a></i> is also shown.</div>
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The first <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Europeans</a> known to have reached New Zealand were Dutch explorer <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel_Tasman" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Abel Tasman">Abel Tasman</a> and his crew in 1642.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMein_Smith200523_37-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMein_Smith200523-37" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[31]</a></sup> In a hostile encounter, four crew members were killed and at least one Māori was hit by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canister_shot" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Canister shot">canister shot</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-38" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[32]</a></sup> Europeans did not revisit New Zealand until 1769 when British explorer <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> mapped almost the entire coastline.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMein_Smith200523_37-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMein_Smith200523-37" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[31]</a></sup> Following Cook, New Zealand was visited by numerous European and North American <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_whaling" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="History of whaling">whaling</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_hunting" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Seal hunting">sealing</a> and trading ships. They traded European food, metal tools, weapons and other goods for timber, Māori food, artefacts and water.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2003122_39-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2003122-39" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[33]</a></sup> The introduction of the potato and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musket" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Musket">musket</a> transformed Māori agriculture and warfare. Potatoes provided a reliable food surplus, which enabled longer and more sustained military campaigns.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-40" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[34]</a></sup> The resulting intertribal <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musket_Wars" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Musket Wars">Musket Wars</a> encompassed over 600 battles between 1801 and 1840, killing 30,000–40,000 Māori.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-41" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[35]</a></sup> From the early 19th century, Christian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionary" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Missionary">missionaries</a> began to settle New Zealand, eventually <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_conversion" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Religious conversion">converting</a> most of the Māori population.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-42" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[36]</a></sup> The Māori population declined to around 40% of its pre-contact level during the 19th century; introduced diseases were the major factor.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-43" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[37]</a></sup></div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Treatyofwaitangi.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="A torn sheet of paper" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="5788" data-file-width="3091" decoding="async" height="318" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Treatyofwaitangi.jpg/170px-Treatyofwaitangi.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Treatyofwaitangi.jpg/255px-Treatyofwaitangi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Treatyofwaitangi.jpg/340px-Treatyofwaitangi.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="170" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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<a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Treatyofwaitangi.jpg" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2215%22 height=%2211%22 viewBox=%220 0 11 15%22%3E %3Cg id=%22magnify-clip%22 fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%23000%22%3E %3Cpath id=%22bigbox%22 d=%22M1.509 1.865h10.99v7.919H1.509z%22/%3E %3Cpath id=%22smallbox%22 d=%22M-1.499 6.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #0b0080; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
The Waitangi sheet from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Treaty of Waitangi">Treaty of Waitangi</a></div>
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In 1788 Captain <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Phillip" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Arthur Phillip">Arthur Phillip</a> assumed the position of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_New_South_Wales" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Governor of New South Wales">Governor</a> of the new British colony of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Colony of New South Wales">New South Wales</a> which according to his commission included New Zealand.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-44" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[38]</a></sup> The British Government appointed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Busby" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="James Busby">James Busby</a> as British Resident to New Zealand in 1832 following a petition from northern Māori.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Busby_45-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-Busby-45" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[39]</a></sup> In 1835, following an announcement of impending French settlement by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Thierry" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Charles de Thierry">Charles de Thierry</a>, the nebulous <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Tribes_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United Tribes of New Zealand">United Tribes of New Zealand</a> sent a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Independence_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand">Declaration of Independence</a> to King <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="William IV of the United Kingdom">William IV of the United Kingdom</a> asking for protection.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Busby_45-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-Busby-45" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[39]</a></sup> Ongoing unrest, the proposed settlement of New Zealand by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Company" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Zealand Company">New Zealand Company</a> (which had already sent its first ship of surveyors to buy land from Māori) and the dubious legal standing of the Declaration of Independence prompted the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Office" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Colonial Office">Colonial Office</a> to send Captain <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hobson" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="William Hobson">William Hobson</a> to claim sovereignty for the United Kingdom and negotiate a treaty with the Māori.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-46" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-46" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[40]</a></sup> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Treaty of Waitangi">Treaty of Waitangi</a> was first signed in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Islands" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bay of Islands">Bay of Islands</a>on 6 February 1840.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wilson2009_47-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-Wilson2009-47" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[41]</a></sup> In response to the New Zealand Company's attempts to establish an independent settlement in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wellington">Wellington</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-48" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-48" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[42]</a></sup> and French settlers purchasing land in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akaroa" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Akaroa">Akaroa</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-49" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-49" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[43]</a></sup> Hobson declared British sovereignty over all of New Zealand on 21 May 1840, even though copies of the Treaty were still circulating throughout the country for Māori to sign.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-50" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-50" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[44]</a></sup> With the signing of the Treaty and declaration of sovereignty the number of immigrants, particularly from the United Kingdom, began to increase.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-51" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-51" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[45]</a></sup></div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1863_Meeting_of_Settlers_and_Maoris_at_Hawke%27s_Bay,_New_Zealand.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Black and white engraving depicting a crowd of people" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="4300" data-file-width="6000" decoding="async" height="208" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/1863_Meeting_of_Settlers_and_Maoris_at_Hawke%27s_Bay%2C_New_Zealand.jpg/290px-1863_Meeting_of_Settlers_and_Maoris_at_Hawke%27s_Bay%2C_New_Zealand.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/1863_Meeting_of_Settlers_and_Maoris_at_Hawke%27s_Bay%2C_New_Zealand.jpg/435px-1863_Meeting_of_Settlers_and_Maoris_at_Hawke%27s_Bay%2C_New_Zealand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/1863_Meeting_of_Settlers_and_Maoris_at_Hawke%27s_Bay%2C_New_Zealand.jpg/580px-1863_Meeting_of_Settlers_and_Maoris_at_Hawke%27s_Bay%2C_New_Zealand.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="290" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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<a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1863_Meeting_of_Settlers_and_Maoris_at_Hawke%27s_Bay,_New_Zealand.jpg" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2215%22 height=%2211%22 viewBox=%220 0 11 15%22%3E %3Cg id=%22magnify-clip%22 fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%23000%22%3E %3Cpath id=%22bigbox%22 d=%22M1.509 1.865h10.99v7.919H1.509z%22/%3E %3Cpath id=%22smallbox%22 d=%22M-1.499 6.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #0b0080; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
A meeting of European and Māori inhabitants of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawke%27s_Bay_Province" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hawke's Bay Province">Hawke's Bay Province</a>. Engraving, 1863.</div>
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New Zealand, still part of the colony of New South Wales, became a separate <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_colony" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Crown colony">Colony</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Colony of New Zealand">of New Zealand</a> on 1 July 1841.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-52" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-52" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[46]</a></sup> The colony gained a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Constitution_Act_1852" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Zealand Constitution Act 1852">representative government in 1852</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_New_Zealand_Parliament" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="1st New Zealand Parliament">first Parliament</a> met in 1854.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-G_and_N_53-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-G_and_N-53" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[47]</a></sup> In 1856 the colony effectively became self-governing, gaining responsibility over all domestic matters other than <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Indigenous peoples">native</a> policy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-G_and_N_53-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-G_and_N-53" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[47]</a></sup> (Control over native policy was granted in the mid-1860s.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-G_and_N_53-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-G_and_N-53" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[47]</a></sup>) Following concerns that the South Island might form a separate colony, premier <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Domett" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Alfred Domett">Alfred Domett</a> moved a resolution to transfer the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Capital of New Zealand">capital</a> from Auckland to a locality near <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_Strait" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cook Strait">Cook Strait</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-54" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-54" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[48]</a></sup> Wellington was chosen for its central location, with Parliament officially sitting there for the first time in 1865.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-55" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-55" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[49]</a></sup> As immigrant numbers increased, conflicts over land led to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Wars" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Zealand Wars">New Zealand Wars</a> of the 1860s and 1870s, resulting in the loss and confiscation of much Māori land.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-56" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-56" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[50]</a></sup></div>
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In 1891 the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Liberal_Party" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Zealand Liberal Party">Liberal Party</a> came to power as the first organised political party.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Liberal_57-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-Liberal-57" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[51]</a></sup> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Government_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Liberal Government of New Zealand">Liberal Government</a>, led by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Seddon" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Richard Seddon">Richard Seddon</a> for most of its period in office,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-58" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-58" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[52]</a></sup> passed many important social and economic measures. In 1893 New Zealand was the first nation in the world to grant all <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">women the right to vote</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Liberal_57-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-Liberal-57" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[51]</a></sup> and in 1894 pioneered the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Conciliation_and_Arbitration_Act_1894" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act 1894">adoption of compulsory arbitration between employers and unions</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-59" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-59" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[53]</a></sup></div>
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In 1907, at the request of the New Zealand Parliament, King <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VII" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a> proclaimed New Zealand a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dominion of New Zealand">Dominion</a> within the British Empire,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-60" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-60" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[54]</a></sup> reflecting its self-governing status.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-61" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-61" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[55]</a></sup> In 1947 the country <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_Adoption_Act_1947" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947">adopted</a> the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster</a>, confirming that the British Parliament could no longer legislate for New Zealand without the consent of New Zealand.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-G_and_N_53-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-G_and_N-53" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[47]</a></sup></div>
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Early in the 20th century, New Zealand was involved in world affairs, fighting in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_in_World_War_I" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Military history of New Zealand in World War I">First</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">Second World Wars</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-62" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-62" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[56]</a></sup> and suffering through the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-63" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-63" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[57]</a></sup> The depression led to the election of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Labour_Government_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="First Labour Government of New Zealand">First Labour Government</a> and the establishment of a comprehensive <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_state" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>and a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectionist" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Protectionist">protectionist</a> economy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-64" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-64" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[58]</a></sup> New Zealand experienced increasing prosperity following the Second World War<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-65" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-65" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[59]</a></sup> and Māori began to leave their traditional rural life and move to the cities in search of work.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-66" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-66" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[60]</a></sup> A <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_protest_movement" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Māori protest movement">Māori protest movement</a> developed, which criticised <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocentrism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eurocentrism">Eurocentrism</a> and worked for greater recognition of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_culture" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Māori culture">Māori culture</a> and of the Treaty of Waitangi.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-67" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-67" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[61]</a></sup> In 1975, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waitangi_Tribunal" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Waitangi Tribunal">Waitangi Tribunal</a> was set up to investigate alleged breaches of the Treaty, and it was enabled to investigate historic grievances in 1985.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wilson2009_47-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-Wilson2009-47" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[41]</a></sup> The government has negotiated <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi_claims_and_settlements" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Treaty of Waitangi claims and settlements">settlements of these grievances</a> with many iwi,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-68" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-68" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[62]</a></sup> although <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_foreshore_and_seabed_controversy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy">Māori claims to the foreshore and seabed</a> have proved controversial in the 2000s.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-69" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-69" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[63]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-70" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-70" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[64]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</span></h2>
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Main articles: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Government of New Zealand">Government of New Zealand</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Politics of New Zealand">Politics of New Zealand</a></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Elizabeth II"><img alt="A smiling woman wearing a purple dress and matching hat" data-file-height="2242" data-file-width="1698" decoding="async" height="197" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Queen_Elizabeth_II_in_March_2015.jpg/149px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_in_March_2015.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Queen_Elizabeth_II_in_March_2015.jpg/224px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_in_March_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Queen_Elizabeth_II_in_March_2015.jpg/298px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_in_March_2015.jpg 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="149" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a>, Queen of New Zealand</div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jacinda Ardern"><img alt="A smiling woman wearing a black dress" data-file-height="627" data-file-width="499" decoding="async" height="197" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Ardern_Cropped.png/157px-Ardern_Cropped.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Ardern_Cropped.png/236px-Ardern_Cropped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Ardern_Cropped.png/314px-Ardern_Cropped.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="157" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jacinda Ardern">Jacinda Ardern</a>, Prime Minister of New Zealand</div>
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New Zealand is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> with a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Parliamentary democracy">parliamentary democracy</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-GG_constitution_71-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-GG_constitution-71" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[65]</a></sup> although <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Constitution of New Zealand">its constitution</a> is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncodified_constitution" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Uncodified constitution">not codified</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Economist_factsheet_72-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-Economist_factsheet-72" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[66]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> is the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Queen of New Zealand">Queen of New Zealand</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-73" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-73" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[67]</a></sup> and thus the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_state" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Head of state">head of state</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-74" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-74" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[68]</a></sup> The Queen is represented by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Governor-General of New Zealand">governor-general</a>, whom she appoints on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advice_(constitutional)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Advice (constitutional)">advice</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Prime Minister of New Zealand">prime minister</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-75" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-75" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[69]</a></sup> The governor-general can exercise the Crown's <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prerogative_powers" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Prerogative powers">prerogative powers</a>, such as reviewing cases of injustice and making appointments of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministers_of_the_New_Zealand_Government" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ministers of the New Zealand Government">ministers</a>, ambassadors and other key public officials,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-76" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-76" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[70]</a></sup> and in rare situations, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_power" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Reserve power">reserve powers</a> (e.g. the power to dissolve parliament or refuse the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_assent" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a> of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_(law)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bill (law)">bill</a> into law).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-reserve_Powers_77-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-reserve_Powers-77" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[71]</a></sup> The powers of the monarch and the governor-general are limited by constitutional constraints and they cannot normally be exercised without the advice of ministers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-reserve_Powers_77-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-reserve_Powers-77" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[71]</a></sup></div>
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The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Parliament" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Zealand Parliament">New Zealand Parliament</a> holds <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_power" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Legislative power">legislative power</a> and consists of the Queen and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Zealand House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-parliament_facts_78-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-parliament_facts-78" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[72]</a></sup> It also included an upper house, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Legislative_Council" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Zealand Legislative Council">Legislative Council</a>, until this was abolished in 1950.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-parliament_facts_78-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-parliament_facts-78" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[72]</a></sup> The <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supremacy_of_parliament" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Supremacy of parliament">supremacy of parliament</a> over the Crown and other government institutions was established in England by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_1689" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bill of Rights 1689">Bill of Rights 1689</a> and has been ratified as law in New Zealand.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-parliament_facts_78-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-parliament_facts-78" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[72]</a></sup> The House of Representatives is democratically elected and a government is formed from the party or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_government" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Coalition government">coalition</a> with the majority of seats. If no majority is formed, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority_government" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Minority government">minority government</a> can be formed if support from other parties during <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidence_and_supply" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Confidence and supply">confidence and supply</a> votes is assured.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-parliament_facts_78-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-parliament_facts-78" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[72]</a></sup> The governor-general appoints ministers under advice from the prime minister, who is by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(political_custom)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Constitutional convention (political custom)">convention</a> the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_leader" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Parliamentary leader">parliamentary leader</a> of the governing party or coalition.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-79" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-79" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[73]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cabinet of New Zealand">Cabinet</a>, formed by ministers and led by the prime minister, is the highest policy-making body in government and responsible for deciding significant government actions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-80" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-80" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[74]</a></sup> Members of Cabinet make major decisions collectively, and are therefore <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_collective_responsibility" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cabinet collective responsibility">collectively responsible</a> for the consequences of these decisions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-81" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-81" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[75]</a></sup></div>
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A <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Elections in New Zealand">parliamentary general election</a> must be called no later than three years after the previous election.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-82" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-82" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[76]</a></sup> Almost all general elections between <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1853_New_Zealand_general_election" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="1853 New Zealand general election">1853</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_New_Zealand_general_election" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="1993 New Zealand general election">1993</a> were held under the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post voting</a> system.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-road_83-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-road-83" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[77]</a></sup> Since the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_New_Zealand_general_election" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="1996 New Zealand general election">1996 election</a>, a form of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_representation" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> called <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mixed-member proportional">mixed-member proportional</a> (MMP) has been used.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Economist_factsheet_72-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-Economist_factsheet-72" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[66]</a></sup>Under the MMP system, each person has two votes; one is for a candidate standing in the voter's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_electorates" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Zealand electorates">electorate</a> and the other is for a party. Since the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_New_Zealand_general_election" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="2014 New Zealand general election">2014 election</a>, there have been 71 electorates (which include seven <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_electorates" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Māori electorates">Māori electorates</a> in which only Māori can optionally vote),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-84" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-84" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[78]</a></sup> and the remaining 49 of the 120 seats are assigned so that representation in parliament reflects the party vote, with the threshold that a party must win at least one electorate or 5% of the total party vote before it is eligible for a seat.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-85" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-85" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[79]</a></sup></div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seddon_Statue_in_Parliament_Grounds.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="A block of buildings fronted by a large statue." class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2557" data-file-width="3297" decoding="async" height="171" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Seddon_Statue_in_Parliament_Grounds.jpg/220px-Seddon_Statue_in_Parliament_Grounds.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Seddon_Statue_in_Parliament_Grounds.jpg/330px-Seddon_Statue_in_Parliament_Grounds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Seddon_Statue_in_Parliament_Grounds.jpg/440px-Seddon_Statue_in_Parliament_Grounds.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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<a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seddon_Statue_in_Parliament_Grounds.jpg" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2215%22 height=%2211%22 viewBox=%220 0 11 15%22%3E %3Cg id=%22magnify-clip%22 fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%23000%22%3E %3Cpath id=%22bigbox%22 d=%22M1.509 1.865h10.99v7.919H1.509z%22/%3E %3Cpath id=%22smallbox%22 d=%22M-1.499 6.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #0b0080; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
A statue of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Seddon" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Richard Seddon">Richard Seddon</a>, the "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beehive_(New_Zealand)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Beehive (New Zealand)">Beehive</a>" (Executive Wing), and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_House,_Wellington" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Parliament House, Wellington">Parliament House</a> (right), in Parliament Grounds, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wellington">Wellington</a>.</div>
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Elections since the 1930s have been dominated by two political parties, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Party" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Zealand National Party">National</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Zealand Labour Party">Labour</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-road_83-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-road-83" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[77]</a></sup> Between March 2005 and August 2006, New Zealand became the first country in the world in which all the highest offices in the land—head of state, governor-general, prime minister, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives">speaker</a>and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chief Justice of New Zealand">chief justice</a>—were occupied simultaneously by women.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-86" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-86" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[80]</a></sup> The current prime minister is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jacinda Ardern">Jacinda Ardern</a>, who has been in office since 26 October 2017.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-87" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-87" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[81]</a></sup> She is the country's third female prime minister.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-88" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-88" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[82]</a></sup></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Judiciary of New Zealand">New Zealand's judiciary</a>, headed by the chief justice,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-89" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-89" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[83]</a></sup> includes the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Supreme Court of New Zealand">Supreme Court</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Court of Appeal of New Zealand">Court of Appeal</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="High Court of New Zealand">High Court</a>, and subordinate courts.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-90" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-90" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[84]</a></sup> Judges and judicial officers are appointed non-politically and under strict rules regarding tenure to help maintain <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_independence" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Judicial independence">judicial independence</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Economist_factsheet_72-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-Economist_factsheet-72" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[66]</a></sup> This theoretically allows the judiciary to interpret the law based solely on the legislation enacted by Parliament without other influences on their decisions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-91" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-91" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[85]</a></sup></div>
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New Zealand is identified as one of the world's most stable and well-governed states.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-92" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-92" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[86]</a></sup> As at 2017, the country was ranked fourth in the strength of its democratic institutions,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-93" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-93" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[87]</a></sup> and first in government transparency and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Corruption in New Zealand">lack of corruption</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-94" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-94" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[88]</a></sup> A 2017 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Reports_on_Human_Rights_Practices" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Country Reports on Human Rights Practices">Human Rights Report</a> by the U.S. Department of State noted that the government generally <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Human rights in New Zealand">respected the rights</a> of individuals, but voiced concerns regarding the social status of the Māori population.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-95" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-95" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[89]</a></sup> New Zealand ranks highly for civic participation in the political process, with 77% <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voter_turnout" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Voter turnout">voter turnout</a> during recent elections, compared to an <abbr style="border-bottom: 0px; cursor: help;" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">OECD</abbr> average of 69%.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-96" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-96" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[90]</a></sup></div>
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See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_rankings_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International rankings of New Zealand">International rankings of New Zealand</a></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Foreign_relations_and_military">Foreign relations and military</span></h3>
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Main articles: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Foreign relations of New Zealand">Foreign relations of New Zealand</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Defence_Force" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Zealand Defence Force">New Zealand Defence Force</a></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Battalion" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Māori Battalion">Māori Battalion</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haka" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Haka">haka</a> in Egypt, 1941</div>
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Early colonial New Zealand allowed the British Government to determine external trade and be responsible for foreign policy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-97" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-97" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[91]</a></sup> The 1923 and 1926 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Conference" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Imperial Conference">Imperial Conferences</a> decided that New Zealand should be allowed to negotiate its own political <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Treaty">treaties</a> and the first commercial treaty was ratified in 1928 with Japan. On 3 September 1939 New Zealand allied itself with Britain and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_war" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Declaration of war">declared war</a> on Germany with Prime Minister <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Joseph_Savage" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Michael Joseph Savage">Michael Joseph Savage</a> proclaiming, "Where she goes, we go; where she stands, we stand."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-98" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-98" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[92]</a></sup></div>
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In 1951 the United Kingdom became increasingly focused on its European interests,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-99" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-99" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[93]</a></sup> while New Zealand joined <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93New_Zealand_relations" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Australia–New Zealand relations">Australia</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand%E2%80%93United_States_relations" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Zealand–United States relations">United States</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANZUS" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a> security treaty.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-100" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-100" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[94]</a></sup> The influence of the United States on New Zealand weakened following protests over the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_in_the_Vietnam_War" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Zealand in the Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-101" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-101" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[95]</a></sup>the refusal of the United States to admonish France after the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Rainbow_Warrior" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior">sinking of the <i>Rainbow Warrior</i></a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-102" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-102" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[96]</a></sup> disagreements over environmental and agricultural trade issues and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_nuclear-free_zone" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Zealand nuclear-free zone">New Zealand's nuclear-free policy</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-103" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-103" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[97]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-104" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-104" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[98]</a></sup> Despite the United States' suspension of ANZUS obligations the treaty remained in effect between New Zealand and Australia, whose foreign policy has followed a similar historical trend.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-105" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-105" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[99]</a></sup> Close political contact is maintained between the two countries, with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closer_Economic_Relations" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Closer Economic Relations">free trade agreements</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Tasman_Travel_Arrangement" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement">travel arrangements</a> that allow citizens to visit, live and work in both countries without restrictions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NZ_in_brief_106-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-NZ_in_brief-106" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[100]</a></sup> In 2013 there were about 650,000 New Zealand citizens living in Australia, which is equivalent to 15% of the resident population of New Zealand.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-107" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-107" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[101]</a></sup></div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ANZAC_Day_service_at_the_National_War_Memorial_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_(20).jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="A soldier in a green army uniform faces forwards" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2592" data-file-width="3888" decoding="async" height="147" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/ANZAC_Day_service_at_the_National_War_Memorial_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%2820%29.jpg/220px-ANZAC_Day_service_at_the_National_War_Memorial_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%2820%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/ANZAC_Day_service_at_the_National_War_Memorial_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%2820%29.jpg/330px-ANZAC_Day_service_at_the_National_War_Memorial_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%2820%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/ANZAC_Day_service_at_the_National_War_Memorial_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%2820%29.jpg/440px-ANZAC_Day_service_at_the_National_War_Memorial_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%2820%29.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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<a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ANZAC_Day_service_at_the_National_War_Memorial_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_(20).jpg" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2215%22 height=%2211%22 viewBox=%220 0 11 15%22%3E %3Cg id=%22magnify-clip%22 fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%23000%22%3E %3Cpath id=%22bigbox%22 d=%22M1.509 1.865h10.99v7.919H1.509z%22/%3E %3Cpath id=%22smallbox%22 d=%22M-1.499 6.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #0b0080; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anzac_Day" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Anzac Day">Anzac Day</a> service at the National War Memorial</div>
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New Zealand has a strong presence among the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Island" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pacific Island">Pacific Island</a> countries. A large proportion of New Zealand's aid goes to these countries and many Pacific people migrate to New Zealand for employment.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-108" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-108" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[102]</a></sup> Permanent migration is regulated under the 1970 Samoan Quota Scheme and the 2002 Pacific Access Category, which allow up to 1,100 Samoan nationals and up to 750 other Pacific Islanders respectively to become permanent New Zealand residents each year. A seasonal workers scheme for temporary migration was introduced in 2007 and in 2009 about 8,000 Pacific Islanders were employed under it.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-109" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-109" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[103]</a></sup> New Zealand is involved in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Community" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pacific Community">Pacific Community</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Association of Southeast Asian Nations</a> Regional Forum (including the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia_Summit" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="East Asia Summit">East Asia Summit</a>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NZ_in_brief_106-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-NZ_in_brief-106" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[100]</a></sup> New Zealand is a member of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_and_the_United_Nations" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Zealand and the United Nations">United Nations</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-110" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-110" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[104]</a></sup> the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-111" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-111" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[105]</a></sup> and the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> (OECD),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-112" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-112" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[106]</a></sup> and participates in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Power_Defence_Arrangements" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Five Power Defence Arrangements">Five Power Defence Arrangements</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-113" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-113" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[107]</a></sup></div>
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New Zealand's armed forces—the Defence Force—comprise the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Army" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Zealand Army">New Zealand Army</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Air_Force" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Royal New Zealand Air Force">Royal New Zealand Air Force</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Navy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Royal New Zealand Navy">Royal New Zealand Navy</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-114" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-114" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[108]</a></sup> New Zealand's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_security" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="National security">national defence</a> needs are modest, since a direct attack is unlikely.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-115" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-115" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[109]</a></sup> However, its military has <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Military history of New Zealand">had a global presence</a>. The country fought in both world wars, with notable campaigns in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallipoli_Campaign" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gallipoli Campaign">Gallipoli</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Battle of Crete">Crete</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-116" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-116" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[110]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">El Alamein</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-117" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-117" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[111]</a></sup> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Cassino</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-118" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-118" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[112]</a></sup> The Gallipoli campaign played an important part in fostering New Zealand's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_identity" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="National identity">national identity</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-119" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-119" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[113]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-120" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-120" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[114]</a></sup> and strengthened the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_and_New_Zealand_Army_Corps" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Australian and New Zealand Army Corps">ANZAC</a> tradition it shares with Australia.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-121" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-121" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[115]</a></sup></div>
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In addition to Vietnam and the two world wars, New Zealand fought in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Boer_War" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-122" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-122" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[116]</a></sup> the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_in_the_Korean_War" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Zealand in the Korean War">Korean War</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-123" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-123" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[117]</a></sup> the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-124" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-124" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[118]</a></sup> the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">Afghanistan War</a>. It has contributed forces to several regional and global peacekeeping missions, such as those in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus_dispute" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cyprus dispute">Cyprus</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Somali Civil War">Somalia</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_War" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bosnian War">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Crisis" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Suez Crisis">Sinai</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Angolan Civil War">Angola</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodia</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq</a> border, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bougainville_Campaign" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bougainville Campaign">Bougainville</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Astute" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Operation Astute">East Timor</a>, and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islands#Civil_war" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-125" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-125" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[119]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Local_government_and_external_territories">Local government and external territories</span></h3>
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Main articles: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Local government in New Zealand">Local government in New Zealand</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a></div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth_labelled_en.svg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Map with the North, South, Stewart/Rakiura, Tokelau, Cook, Niue, Kermadec, Chatham, Bounty, Antipodes, Snare, Auckland and Campbell Islands highlighted. New Zealand's segment of Antarctica (the Ross Dependency) is also highlighted." class="thumbimage" data-file-height="553" data-file-width="553" decoding="async" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth_labelled_en.svg/400px-NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth_labelled_en.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth_labelled_en.svg/600px-NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth_labelled_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth_labelled_en.svg/800px-NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth_labelled_en.svg.png 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="400" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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Locations of the countries and territories within the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a></div>
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The early European settlers divided New Zealand into <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Provinces of New Zealand">provinces</a>, which had a degree of autonomy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-nine_provinces_126-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-nine_provinces-126" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[120]</a></sup> Because of financial pressures and the desire to consolidate railways, education, land sales and other policies, government was centralised and the provinces were abolished in 1876.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-127" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-127" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[121]</a></sup> The provinces are remembered in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Public holidays in New Zealand">regional public holidays</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-128" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-128" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[122]</a></sup> and sporting rivalries.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-129" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-129" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[123]</a></sup></div>
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Since 1876, various councils have administered local areas under legislation determined by the central government.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-nine_provinces_126-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-nine_provinces-126" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[120]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-130" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-130" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[124]</a></sup> In 1989, the government reorganised local government into the current two-tier structure of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Regions of New Zealand">regional councils</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_authorities" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Territorial authorities">territorial authorities</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sancton2000_131-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-Sancton2000-131" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[125]</a></sup> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_former_territorial_authorities_in_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of former territorial authorities in New Zealand">249 municipalities</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sancton2000_131-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-Sancton2000-131" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[125]</a></sup> that existed in 1975 have now been consolidated into 67 territorial authorities and 11 regional councils.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-132" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-132" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[126]</a></sup> The regional councils' role is to regulate "the natural environment with particular emphasis on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Resource Management Act 1991">resource management</a>",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sancton2000_131-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-Sancton2000-131" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[125]</a></sup> while territorial authorities are responsible for sewage, water, local roads, building consents and other local matters.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmeltJui_Lin200933_133-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmeltJui_Lin200933-133" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[127]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-glossary_134-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-glossary-134" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[128]</a></sup> Five of the territorial councils are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_authority" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Unitary authority">unitary authorities</a> and also act as regional councils.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-glossary_134-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-glossary-134" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[128]</a></sup> The territorial authorities consist of 13 city councils, 53 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Districts of New Zealand">district</a> councils, and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham_Islands" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chatham Islands">Chatham Islands</a> Council. While officially the Chatham Islands Council is not a unitary authority, it undertakes many functions of a regional council.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-135" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-135" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[129]</a></sup></div>
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The Realm of New Zealand, one of 16 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-136" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-136" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[130]</a></sup> is the entire area over which the Queen of New Zealand is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sovereign">sovereign</a>, and comprises New Zealand, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokelau" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Dependency" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_Islands" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niue" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Niue">Niue</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-GG_constitution_71-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-GG_constitution-71" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[65]</a></sup> The Cook Islands and Niue are self-governing states in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_state" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Associated state">free association</a> with New Zealand.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-137" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-137" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[131]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-138" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-138" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[132]</a></sup> The New Zealand Parliament cannot pass legislation for these countries, but with their consent can act on behalf of them in foreign affairs and defence. Tokelau is classified as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_list_of_Non-Self-Governing_Territories" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories">non-self-governing territory</a>, but is administered by a council of three elders (one from each Tokelauan <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoll" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Atoll">atoll</a>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-139" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-139" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[133]</a></sup> The Ross Dependency is New Zealand's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_Antarctica" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Territorial claims in Antarctica">territorial claim in Antarctica</a>, where it operates the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Base" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Scott Base">Scott Base</a> research facility.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-140" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-140" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[134]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_nationality_law" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Zealand nationality law">New Zealand nationality law</a> treats all parts of the realm equally, so most people born in New Zealand, the Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau and the Ross Dependency are New Zealand citizens.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-141" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-141" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[135]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-143" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-143" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[n 7]</a></sup></div>
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Administrative divisions of the Realm of New Zealand</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Environment">Environment</span></h2>
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Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Environment of New Zealand">Environment of New Zealand</a></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Geography">Geography</span></h3>
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Main articles: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Geography of New Zealand">Geography of New Zealand</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Geology of New Zealand">Geology of New Zealand</a></div>
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<img alt="" data-file-height="1376" data-file-width="1024" decoding="async" height="16" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="12" /> See also: <a class="extiw" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="commons:Atlas of New Zealand">Atlas of New Zealand</a> at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a></div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Zealand_23_October_2002.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Islands of New Zealand as seen from satellite" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="5600" data-file-width="4200" decoding="async" height="227" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/New_Zealand_23_October_2002.jpg/170px-New_Zealand_23_October_2002.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/New_Zealand_23_October_2002.jpg/255px-New_Zealand_23_October_2002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/New_Zealand_23_October_2002.jpg/340px-New_Zealand_23_October_2002.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="170" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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The snow-capped <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Alps" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Southern Alps">Southern Alps</a> dominate the South Island, while the North Island's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northland_Peninsula" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Northland Peninsula">Northland Peninsula</a>stretches towards the subtropics</div>
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New Zealand is located near the centre of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_hemisphere" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Water hemisphere">water hemisphere</a> and is made up of two main islands and a number of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of islands of New Zealand">smaller islands</a>. The two main islands (the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Island" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="North Island">North Island</a>, or <i>Te Ika-a-Māui</i>, and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Island" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="South Island">South Island</a>, or <i>Te Waipounamu</i>) are separated by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_Strait" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cook Strait">Cook Strait</a>, 22 kilometres (14 mi) wide at its narrowest point.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-144" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-144" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[137]</a></sup> Besides the North and South Islands, the five largest inhabited islands are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Island" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stewart Island">Stewart Island</a> (across the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foveaux_Strait" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Foveaux Strait">Foveaux Strait</a>), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham_Island" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chatham Island">Chatham Island</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Barrier_Island" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Great Barrier Island">Great Barrier Island</a> (in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauraki_Gulf" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hauraki Gulf">Hauraki Gulf</a>),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-145" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-145" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[138]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Urville_Island_(New_Zealand)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="D'Urville Island (New Zealand)">d'Urville Island</a> (in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlborough_Sounds" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Marlborough Sounds">Marlborough Sounds</a>)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-146" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-146" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[139]</a></sup> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waiheke_Island" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Waiheke Island">Waiheke Island</a> (about 22 km (14 mi) from central Auckland).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-147" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-147" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[140]</a></sup></div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mt_Cook,_NZ.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="A large mountain with a lake in the foreground" data-file-height="3072" data-file-width="4608" decoding="async" height="147" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Mt_Cook%2C_NZ.jpg/220px-Mt_Cook%2C_NZ.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Mt_Cook%2C_NZ.jpg/330px-Mt_Cook%2C_NZ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Mt_Cook%2C_NZ.jpg/440px-Mt_Cook%2C_NZ.jpg 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aoraki_/_Mount_Cook" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Aoraki / Mount Cook">Aoraki / Mount Cook</a> is the highest point of New Zealand, at 3,754 metres</div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Zealand_moutain_ranges.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Snow-capped mountain range" data-file-height="2848" data-file-width="4272" decoding="async" height="147" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/New_Zealand_moutain_ranges.jpg/220px-New_Zealand_moutain_ranges.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/New_Zealand_moutain_ranges.jpg/330px-New_Zealand_moutain_ranges.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/New_Zealand_moutain_ranges.jpg/440px-New_Zealand_moutain_ranges.jpg 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a></div>
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The Southern Alps stretch for 500 kilometres down the South Island</div>
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New Zealand is long and narrow (over 1,600 kilometres (990 mi) along its north-north-east axis with a maximum width of 400 kilometres (250 mi)),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-148" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-148" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[141]</a></sup> with about 15,000 km (9,300 mi) of coastline<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CIA_149-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-CIA-149" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[142]</a></sup> and a total land area of 268,000 square kilometres (103,500 sq mi).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-150" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-150" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[143]</a></sup> Because of its far-flung outlying islands and long coastline, the country has extensive marine resources. Its <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Exclusive economic zone of New Zealand">exclusive economic zone</a> is one of the largest in the world, covering more than 15 times its land area.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-151" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-151" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[144]</a></sup></div>
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The South Island is the largest landmass of New Zealand and is the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_by_area" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of islands by area">12th largest island</a> in the world. It is divided along its length by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Alps" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Southern Alps">Southern Alps</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-152" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-152" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[145]</a></sup> There are 18 peaks over 3,000 metres (9,800 ft), the highest of which is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aoraki_/_Mount_Cook" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Aoraki / Mount Cook">Aoraki / Mount Cook</a> at 3,754 metres (12,316 ft).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarden200552_153-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarden200552-153" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[146]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiordland" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fiordland">Fiordland</a>'s steep mountains and deep <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiord" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fiord">fiords</a> record the extensive ice age glaciation of this southwestern corner of the South Island.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-154" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-154" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[147]</a></sup> The North Island is the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_by_area" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of islands by area">14th largest island</a> in the world and is less mountainous but is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanology_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Volcanology of New Zealand">marked by volcanism</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-155" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-155" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[148]</a></sup> The highly active <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taupo_Volcanic_Zone" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Taupo Volcanic Zone">Taupo Volcanic Zone</a> has formed a large <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Island_Volcanic_Plateau" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="North Island Volcanic Plateau">volcanic plateau</a>, punctuated by the North Island's highest mountain, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Ruapehu" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mount Ruapehu">Mount Ruapehu</a> (2,797 metres (9,177 ft)). The plateau also hosts the country's largest lake, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Taupo" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lake Taupo">Lake Taupo</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-156" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-156" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[149]</a></sup> nestled in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldera" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Caldera">caldera</a> of one of the world's most active <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervolcano" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Supervolcano">supervolcanoes</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-157" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-157" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[150]</a></sup></div>
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The country owes its varied topography, and perhaps even its emergence above the waves, to the dynamic boundary it straddles between the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Plate" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pacific Plate">Pacific</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Australian_Plate" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Indo-Australian Plate">Indo-Australian Plates</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Keith_2009_158-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-Keith_2009-158" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[151]</a></sup> New Zealand is part of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zealandia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a>, a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontinent" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Microcontinent">microcontinent</a> nearly half the size of Australia that gradually submerged after breaking away from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondwana" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gondwana">Gondwanan</a> supercontinent.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-159" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-159" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[152]</a></sup> About 25 million years ago, a shift in <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_tectonic" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Plate tectonic">plate tectonic</a> movements began to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaikoura_Orogeny" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kaikoura Orogeny">contort and crumple</a> the region. This is now most evident in the Southern Alps, formed by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_collision" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Continental collision">compression of the crust</a> beside the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_Fault" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Alpine Fault">Alpine Fault</a>. Elsewhere the plate boundary involves the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subduction" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Subduction">subduction</a> of one plate under the other, producing the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puysegur_Trench" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Puysegur Trench">Puysegur Trench</a> to the south, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikurangi_Trench" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hikurangi Trench">Hikurangi Trench</a> east of the North Island, and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kermadec_Trench" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kermadec Trench">Kermadec</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga_Trench" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tonga Trench">Tonga Trenches</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-160" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-160" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[153]</a></sup> further north.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Keith_2009_158-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-Keith_2009-158" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[151]</a></sup></div>
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New Zealand is part of a region known as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Australasia">Australasia</a>, together with Australia.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NZOD_161-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-NZOD-161" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[154]</a></sup> It also forms the southwestern extremity of the geographic and ethnographic region called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-162" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-162" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[155]</a></sup> The term <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceania" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> is often used to denote the wider region encompassing the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_(continent)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Australia (continent)">Australian continent</a>, New Zealand and various islands in the Pacific Ocean that are not included in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continent" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Continent">seven-continent</a> model.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-163" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-163" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[156]</a></sup></div>
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<li class="gallerycaption" style="display: block; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.1em; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: center;">Landscapes of New Zealand</li>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NZ_Landscape.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" data-file-height="3975" data-file-width="5963" decoding="async" height="120" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/NZ_Landscape.jpg/270px-NZ_Landscape.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/NZ_Landscape.jpg/405px-NZ_Landscape.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/NZ_Landscape.jpg/540px-NZ_Landscape.jpg 2x" style="background: none repeat rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="180" /></a></div>
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Rural scene near <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queenstown,_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Queenstown, New Zealand">Queenstown</a></div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emerald_Lakes,_New_Zealand.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" data-file-height="2848" data-file-width="4272" decoding="async" height="120" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Emerald_Lakes%2C_New_Zealand.jpg/270px-Emerald_Lakes%2C_New_Zealand.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Emerald_Lakes%2C_New_Zealand.jpg/405px-Emerald_Lakes%2C_New_Zealand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Emerald_Lakes%2C_New_Zealand.jpg/540px-Emerald_Lakes%2C_New_Zealand.jpg 2x" style="background: none repeat rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="180" /></a></div>
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The Emerald Lakes, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mt_Tongariro" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mt Tongariro">Mt Tongariro</a></div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lake_Gunn.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" data-file-height="669" data-file-width="1000" decoding="async" height="120" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Lake_Gunn.jpg/269px-Lake_Gunn.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Lake_Gunn.jpg/404px-Lake_Gunn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Lake_Gunn.jpg/538px-Lake_Gunn.jpg 2x" style="background: none repeat rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="180" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Gunn" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lake Gunn">Lake Gunn</a></div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pencarrow_Head,_Wellington,_New_Zealand_from_Santa_Regina,_24_Feb._2007.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" data-file-height="2592" data-file-width="3872" decoding="async" height="120" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Pencarrow_Head%2C_Wellington%2C_New_Zealand_from_Santa_Regina%2C_24_Feb._2007.jpg/269px-Pencarrow_Head%2C_Wellington%2C_New_Zealand_from_Santa_Regina%2C_24_Feb._2007.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Pencarrow_Head%2C_Wellington%2C_New_Zealand_from_Santa_Regina%2C_24_Feb._2007.jpg/404px-Pencarrow_Head%2C_Wellington%2C_New_Zealand_from_Santa_Regina%2C_24_Feb._2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Pencarrow_Head%2C_Wellington%2C_New_Zealand_from_Santa_Regina%2C_24_Feb._2007.jpg/538px-Pencarrow_Head%2C_Wellington%2C_New_Zealand_from_Santa_Regina%2C_24_Feb._2007.jpg 2x" style="background: none repeat rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="180" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencarrow_Head" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pencarrow Head">Pencarrow Head</a>, Wellington</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Climate">Climate</span></h3>
<div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Climate of New Zealand">Climate of New Zealand</a></div>
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New Zealand's climate is predominantly temperate <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_climate" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Oceanic climate">maritime</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: Cfb), with mean annual temperatures ranging from 10 °C (50 °F) in the south to 16 °C (61 °F) in the north.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mullan2009_164-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-Mullan2009-164" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[157]</a></sup> Historical <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxima_and_minima" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Maxima and minima">maxima and minima</a> are 42.4 °C (108.32 °F) in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangiora" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rangiora">Rangiora</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury,_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Canterbury, New Zealand">Canterbury</a> and −25.6 °C (−14.08 °F) in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranfurly,_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ranfurly, New Zealand">Ranfurly</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otago" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Otago">Otago</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-niwa_165-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-niwa-165" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[158]</a></sup> Conditions vary sharply across regions from extremely wet on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast,_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="West Coast, New Zealand">West Coast</a> of the South Island to almost <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Semi-arid climate">semi-arid</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Otago" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Central Otago">Central Otago</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackenzie_Basin" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mackenzie Basin">Mackenzie Basin</a> of inland Canterbury and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropical" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Subtropical">subtropical</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northland_Peninsula" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Northland Peninsula">Northland</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-166" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-166" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[159]</a></sup> Of the seven largest cities, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a> is the driest, receiving on average only 640 millimetres (25 in) of rain per year and Wellington the wettest, receiving almost twice that amount.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-167" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-167" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[160]</a></sup> Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch all receive a yearly average of more than 2,000 hours of sunshine. The southern and southwestern parts of the South Island have a cooler and cloudier climate, with around 1,400–1,600 hours; the northern and northeastern parts of the South Island are the sunniest areas of the country and receive about 2,400–2,500 hours.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-168" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-168" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[161]</a></sup> The general snow season is early June until early October, though <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_snap" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cold snap">cold snaps</a> can occur outside this season.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-169" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-169" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[162]</a></sup> Snowfall is common in the eastern and southern parts of the South Island and mountain areas across the country.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mullan2009_164-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-Mullan2009-164" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[157]</a></sup></div>
<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%225%22 height=%2213%22%3E %3Ccircle cx=%222.5%22 cy=%229%22 r=%222.5%22 fill=%22%23222%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); margin: 2px; padding: 2px; text-align: center; zoom: 1;">
<li class="gallerycaption" style="display: block; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.1em; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: center;">Seasons in New Zealand</li>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Autumn_in_New_Zealand.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" data-file-height="536" data-file-width="800" decoding="async" height="120" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Autumn_in_New_Zealand.jpg/269px-Autumn_in_New_Zealand.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Autumn_in_New_Zealand.jpg/403px-Autumn_in_New_Zealand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Autumn_in_New_Zealand.jpg/538px-Autumn_in_New_Zealand.jpg 2x" style="background: none repeat rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="180" /></a></div>
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Autumn in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wellington">Wellington</a></div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Zealand_snow.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" data-file-height="3456" data-file-width="4608" decoding="async" height="120" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/New_Zealand_snow.jpg/240px-New_Zealand_snow.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/New_Zealand_snow.jpg/360px-New_Zealand_snow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/New_Zealand_snow.jpg/480px-New_Zealand_snow.jpg 2x" style="background: none repeat rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="160" /></a></div>
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<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Plateau,_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Central Plateau, New Zealand">Central Plateau</a> in winter</div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Walk_Along_the_Avon.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" data-file-height="669" data-file-width="1000" decoding="async" height="120" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/A_Walk_Along_the_Avon.jpg/269px-A_Walk_Along_the_Avon.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/A_Walk_Along_the_Avon.jpg/404px-A_Walk_Along_the_Avon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/A_Walk_Along_the_Avon.jpg/538px-A_Walk_Along_the_Avon.jpg 2x" style="background: none repeat rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="180" /></a></div>
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Spring in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagley_Park,_Christchurch" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hagley Park, Christchurch">Hagley Park</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a></div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scorching_Bay.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" data-file-height="2848" data-file-width="4288" decoding="async" height="120" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Scorching_Bay.jpg/271px-Scorching_Bay.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Scorching_Bay.jpg/407px-Scorching_Bay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Scorching_Bay.jpg/542px-Scorching_Bay.jpg 2x" style="background: none repeat rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="181" /></a></div>
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<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorching_Bay" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Scorching Bay">Scorching Bay</a> beach in summer</div>
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The table below lists climate normals for the warmest and coldest months in New Zealand's six largest cities. North Island cities are generally warmest in February. South Island cities are warmest in January.</div>
<table class="wikitable collapsible sortable mw-collapsible jquery-tablesorter mw-made-collapsible" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: auto; width: 578.667px;"><caption style="font-weight: bold;">Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for the six largest cities of New Zealand<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-170" style="font-size: 11.2px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-170" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[163]</a></sup> <span class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default" role="button" style="cursor: pointer; float: none; font-weight: normal; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; text-align: right; user-select: none;" tabindex="0"><a class="mw-collapsible-text" href="https://www.blogger.com/u/2/null" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; cursor: pointer;">hide</a></span></caption><thead>
<tr><th class="headerSort" role="columnheader button" style="background-color: #eaecf0; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2221%22 height=%229%22 viewBox=%220 0 21 9%22%3E %3Cpath d=%22M14.5 5l-4 4-4-4zm0-1l-4-4-4 4z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); background-position: right center; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); cursor: pointer; padding: 0.2em 21px 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;" tabindex="0" title="Sort ascending">Location</th><th class="headerSort" role="columnheader button" style="background-color: #eaecf0; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2221%22 height=%229%22 viewBox=%220 0 21 9%22%3E %3Cpath d=%22M14.5 5l-4 4-4-4zm0-1l-4-4-4 4z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); background-position: right center; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); cursor: pointer; padding: 0.2em 21px 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;" tabindex="0" title="Sort ascending">Jan/Feb (°C)</th><th class="headerSort" role="columnheader button" style="background-color: #eaecf0; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2221%22 height=%229%22 viewBox=%220 0 21 9%22%3E %3Cpath d=%22M14.5 5l-4 4-4-4zm0-1l-4-4-4 4z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); background-position: right center; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); cursor: pointer; padding: 0.2em 21px 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;" tabindex="0" title="Sort ascending">Jan/Feb (°F)</th><th class="headerSort" role="columnheader button" style="background-color: #eaecf0; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2221%22 height=%229%22 viewBox=%220 0 21 9%22%3E %3Cpath d=%22M14.5 5l-4 4-4-4zm0-1l-4-4-4 4z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); background-position: right center; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); cursor: pointer; padding: 0.2em 21px 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;" tabindex="0" title="Sort ascending">July (°C)</th><th class="headerSort" role="columnheader button" style="background-color: #eaecf0; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2221%22 height=%229%22 viewBox=%220 0 21 9%22%3E %3Cpath d=%22M14.5 5l-4 4-4-4zm0-1l-4-4-4 4z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); background-position: right center; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); cursor: pointer; padding: 0.2em 21px 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;" tabindex="0" title="Sort ascending">July (°F)</th></tr>
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<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Auckland">Auckland</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">23/16</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">74/60</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">14/7</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">58/45</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wellington">Wellington</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">20/13</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">68/56</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">11/6</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">52/42</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">22/12</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">72/53</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">10/0</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">51/33</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton,_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hamilton, New Zealand">Hamilton</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">24/13</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">75/56</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">14/4</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">57/39</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauranga" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tauranga">Tauranga</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">24/15</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">75/59</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">14/6</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">58/42</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunedin" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dunedin">Dunedin</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">19/11</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">66/53</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">10/3</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">50/37</td></tr>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</span></h3>
<div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Biodiversity of New Zealand">Biodiversity of New Zealand</a></div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TeTuatahianui.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Kiwi amongst sticks" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1325" data-file-width="994" decoding="async" height="227" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/TeTuatahianui.jpg/170px-TeTuatahianui.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/TeTuatahianui.jpg/255px-TeTuatahianui.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/TeTuatahianui.jpg/340px-TeTuatahianui.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="170" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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<a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TeTuatahianui.jpg" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2215%22 height=%2211%22 viewBox=%220 0 11 15%22%3E %3Cg id=%22magnify-clip%22 fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%23000%22%3E %3Cpath id=%22bigbox%22 d=%22M1.509 1.865h10.99v7.919H1.509z%22/%3E %3Cpath id=%22smallbox%22 d=%22M-1.499 6.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #0b0080; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
The endemic flightless <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiwi" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kiwi">kiwi</a>is a national icon.</div>
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New Zealand's <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_isolation" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Geographic isolation">geographic isolation</a> for 80 million years<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-171" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-171" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[164]</a></sup> and island <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeography" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Biogeography">biogeography</a> has influenced evolution of the country's species of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fauna">animals</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fungus">fungi</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Flora">plants</a>. Physical isolation has caused biological isolation, resulting in a dynamic evolutionary ecology with examples of very distinctive plants and animals as well as populations of widespread species.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-172" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-172" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[165]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-173" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-173" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[166]</a></sup> About 82% of New Zealand's indigenous <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_plant" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vascular plant">vascular plants</a> are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Endemism">endemic</a>, covering 1,944 species across 65 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Genus">genera</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FAQ_174-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-FAQ-174" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[167]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NZPCN_2006_175-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-NZPCN_2006-175" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[168]</a></sup> The number of fungi recorded from New Zealand, including lichen-forming species, is not known, nor is the proportion of those fungi which are endemic, but one estimate suggests there are about 2,300 species of lichen-forming fungi in New Zealand<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FAQ_174-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-FAQ-174" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[167]</a></sup> and 40% of these are endemic.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-176" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-176" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[169]</a></sup> The two main types of forest are those dominated by broadleaf trees with emergent <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podocarp" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Podocarp">podocarps</a>, or by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothofagus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nothofagus">southern beech</a> in cooler climates.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-177" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-177" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[170]</a></sup> The remaining vegetation types consist of grasslands, the majority of which are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tussock_grasslands_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tussock grasslands of New Zealand">tussock</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-178" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-178" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[171]</a></sup></div>
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Before the arrival of humans, an estimated 80% of the land was covered in forest, with only <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_line" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tree line">high alpine</a>, wet, infertile and volcanic areas without trees.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-179" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-179" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[172]</a></sup> Massive <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation_in_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Deforestation in New Zealand">deforestation</a> occurred after humans arrived, with around half the forest cover lost to fire after Polynesian settlement.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-180" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-180" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[173]</a></sup> Much of the remaining forest fell after European settlement, being logged or cleared to make room for pastoral farming, leaving forest occupying only 23% of the land.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-181" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-181" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[174]</a></sup></div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giant_Haasts_eagle_attacking_New_Zealand_moa.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="An artist's rendition of a Haast's eagle attacking two moa" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1101" data-file-width="1375" decoding="async" height="176" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Giant_Haasts_eagle_attacking_New_Zealand_moa.jpg/220px-Giant_Haasts_eagle_attacking_New_Zealand_moa.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Giant_Haasts_eagle_attacking_New_Zealand_moa.jpg/330px-Giant_Haasts_eagle_attacking_New_Zealand_moa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Giant_Haasts_eagle_attacking_New_Zealand_moa.jpg/440px-Giant_Haasts_eagle_attacking_New_Zealand_moa.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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<a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giant_Haasts_eagle_attacking_New_Zealand_moa.jpg" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2215%22 height=%2211%22 viewBox=%220 0 11 15%22%3E %3Cg id=%22magnify-clip%22 fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%23000%22%3E %3Cpath id=%22bigbox%22 d=%22M1.509 1.865h10.99v7.919H1.509z%22/%3E %3Cpath id=%22smallbox%22 d=%22M-1.499 6.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #0b0080; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
The giant <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haast%27s_eagle" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Haast's eagle">Haast's eagle</a> died out when humans hunted its main prey, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moa" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Moa">moa</a>, to extinction.</div>
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The forests were dominated by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birds_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Birds of New Zealand">birds</a>, and the lack of mammalian predators led to some like the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiwi" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kiwi">kiwi</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakapo" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kakapo">kakapo</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weka" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Weka">weka</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takah%C4%93" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Takahē">takahē</a> evolving <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flightless_bird" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Flightless bird">flightlessness</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-182" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-182" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[175]</a></sup> The arrival of humans, associated changes to habitat, and the introduction of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesian_rat" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Polynesian rat">rats</a>, ferrets and other mammals led to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_animals_extinct_in_the_Holocene" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of New Zealand animals extinct in the Holocene">extinction</a> of many bird species, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megafauna" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Megafauna">large birds</a> like the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moa" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Moa">moa</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haast%27s_eagle" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Haast's eagle">Haast's eagle</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Holdaway2009_183-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-Holdaway2009-183" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[176]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-184" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-184" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[177]</a></sup></div>
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Other indigenous animals are represented by reptiles (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuatara" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tuatara">tuatara</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skink" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Skink">skinks</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geckos_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of geckos of New Zealand">geckos</a>), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiopelmatidae" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Leiopelmatidae">frogs</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-185" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-185" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[178]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiders_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Spiders of New Zealand">spiders</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-186" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-186" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[179]</a></sup> insects (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weta" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Weta">weta</a>)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-187" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-187" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[180]</a></sup> and snails.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-188" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-188" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[181]</a></sup> Some, such as the tuatara, are so unique that they have been called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_fossil" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Living fossil">living fossils</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-189" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-189" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[182]</a></sup> Three species of bats (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_greater_short-tailed_bat" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Zealand greater short-tailed bat">one</a> since extinct) were the only sign of native land mammals in New Zealand until the 2006 discovery of bones from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Bathans_mammal" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Saint Bathans mammal">a unique, mouse-sized land mammal</a> at least 16 million years old.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-190" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-190" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[183]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-191" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-191" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[184]</a></sup> Marine mammals however are abundant, with almost half the world's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetacea" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cetacea">cetaceans</a> (whales, dolphins, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porpoise" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Porpoise">porpoises</a>) and large numbers of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fur_seal" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fur seal">fur seals</a> reported in New Zealand waters.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-192" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-192" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[185]</a></sup> Many seabirds breed in New Zealand, a third of them unique to the country.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-193" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-193" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[186]</a></sup> More <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_of_New_Zealand#Penguins" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of birds of New Zealand">penguin</a> species are found in New Zealand than in any other country.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-194" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-194" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[187]</a></sup></div>
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Since human arrival, almost half of the country's vertebrate species have become extinct, including at least fifty-one birds, three frogs, three lizards, one freshwater fish, and one bat. Others are endangered or have had their range severely reduced.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Holdaway2009_183-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-Holdaway2009-183" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[176]</a></sup> However, New Zealand conservationists have pioneered several methods to help threatened wildlife recover, including island sanctuaries, pest control, wildlife translocation, fostering, and ecological <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_restoration" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Island restoration">restoration of islands</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_island" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ecological island">other selected areas</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-195" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-195" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[188]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-196" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-196" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[189]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-197" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-197" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[190]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-198" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-198" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[191]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Economy">Economy</span></h2>
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Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Economy of New Zealand">Economy of New Zealand</a></div>
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See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_companies_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of companies of New Zealand">List of companies of New Zealand</a></div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Auckland_Waterfrt.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Boats docked in blue-green water. Plate glass skyscrapers rising up in the background." class="thumbimage" data-file-height="3019" data-file-width="4568" decoding="async" height="145" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Auckland_Waterfrt.jpg/220px-Auckland_Waterfrt.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Auckland_Waterfrt.jpg/330px-Auckland_Waterfrt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Auckland_Waterfrt.jpg/440px-Auckland_Waterfrt.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_waterfront" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Auckland waterfront">Waterfront</a> along <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_CBD" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Auckland CBD">Auckland CBD</a>, a major hub of economic activity</div>
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New Zealand has an <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_economy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Advanced economy">advanced</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_economy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Market economy">market economy</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-199" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-199" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[192]</a></sup> ranked 16th in the 2018 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-HDI_12-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-HDI-12" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup> and third in the 2018 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Economic_Freedom" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Index of Economic Freedom">Index of Economic Freedom</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-200" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-200" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[193]</a></sup> It is a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-income_economy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="High-income economy">high-income economy</a> with a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominal_value" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nominal value">nominal</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> (GDP) per capita of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States dollar">US$</a>36,254.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-imf2_10-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-imf2-10" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup> The currency is the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_dollar" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Zealand dollar">New Zealand dollar</a>, informally known as the "Kiwi dollar"; it also circulates in the Cook Islands (see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_Islands_dollar" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cook Islands dollar">Cook Islands dollar</a>), Niue, Tokelau, and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-201" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-201" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[194]</a></sup></div>
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Historically, extractive industries have contributed strongly to New Zealand's economy, focussing at different times on sealing, whaling, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phormium" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Phormium">flax</a>, gold, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_gum" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kauri gum">kauri gum</a>, and native timber.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RWT_export_evolution_202-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-RWT_export_evolution-202" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[195]</a></sup> The first shipment of refrigerated meat on the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunedin_(ship)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dunedin (ship)">Dunedin</a></i> in 1882 led to the establishment of meat and dairy exports to Britain, a trade which provided the basis for strong economic growth in New Zealand.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-203" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-203" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[196]</a></sup> High demand for agricultural products from the United Kingdom and the United States helped New Zealanders achieve higher living standards than both Australia and Western Europe in the 1950s and 1960s.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-204" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-204" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[197]</a></sup> In 1973, New Zealand's export market was reduced when the United Kingdom joined the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Economic_Community" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-205" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-205" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[198]</a></sup> and other compounding factors, such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_oil_crisis" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="1979 oil crisis">1979 energy</a> crises, led to a severe <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_(economics)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Depression (economics)">economic depression</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-206" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-206" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[199]</a></sup> Living standards in New Zealand fell behind those of Australia and Western Europe, and by 1982 New Zealand had the lowest per-capita income of all the developed nations surveyed by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank_Group" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="World Bank Group">the World Bank</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-207" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-207" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[200]</a></sup> In the mid-1980s New Zealand deregulated its <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Agriculture in New Zealand">agricultural sector</a> by phasing out <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_subsidy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Agricultural subsidy">subsidies</a> over a three-year period.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-208" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-208" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[201]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-209" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-209" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[202]</a></sup> Since 1984, successive governments engaged in major <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macroeconomic" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Macroeconomic">macroeconomic</a> restructuring (known first as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogernomics" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rogernomics">Rogernomics</a> and then <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthanasia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ruthanasia">Ruthanasia</a>), rapidly transforming New Zealand from a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectionism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Protectionism">protected</a> and highly regulated economy to a liberalised <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-trade" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Free-trade">free-trade</a> economy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Liberalisation_210-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-Liberalisation-210" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[203]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-211" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-211" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[204]</a></sup></div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MilfordSound.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Blue water against a backdrop of snow-capped mountains" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1364" data-file-width="2048" decoding="async" height="147" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/MilfordSound.jpg/220px-MilfordSound.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/MilfordSound.jpg/330px-MilfordSound.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/MilfordSound.jpg/440px-MilfordSound.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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<a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MilfordSound.jpg" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2215%22 height=%2211%22 viewBox=%220 0 11 15%22%3E %3Cg id=%22magnify-clip%22 fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%23000%22%3E %3Cpath id=%22bigbox%22 d=%22M1.509 1.865h10.99v7.919H1.509z%22/%3E %3Cpath id=%22smallbox%22 d=%22M-1.499 6.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #0b0080; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milford_Sound" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Milford Sound">Milford Sound</a> is one of New Zealand's most famous tourist destinations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-212" style="font-size: 9.89632px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-212" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[205]</a></sup></div>
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Unemployment peaked above 10% in 1991 and 1992,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-unemployment_213-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-unemployment-213" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[206]</a></sup> following the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Monday_(1987)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Black Monday (1987)">1987 share market crash</a>, but eventually fell to a record low (since 1986) of 3.7% in 2007 (ranking third from twenty-seven comparable OECD nations).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-unemployment_213-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-unemployment-213" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[206]</a></sup> However, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">global financial crisis</a> that followed had a major impact on New Zealand, with the GDP shrinking for five consecutive quarters, the longest recession in over thirty years,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-214" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-214" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[207]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-215" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-215" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[208]</a></sup> and unemployment rising back to 7% in late 2009.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-216" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-216" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[209]</a></sup> Unemployment rates for different age groups follow similar trends, but are consistently higher among youth. In the December 2014 quarter, the general unemployment rate was around 5.8%, while the unemployment rate for youth aged 15 to 21 was 15.6%.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-unemployment_213-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-unemployment-213" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[206]</a></sup> New Zealand has experienced a series of "<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_drain" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Brain drain">brain drains</a>" since the 1970s<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-217" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-217" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[210]</a></sup> that still continue today.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-218" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-218" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[211]</a></sup> Nearly one quarter of highly skilled workers live overseas, mostly in Australia and Britain, which is the largest proportion from any developed nation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-219" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-219" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[212]</a></sup> In recent decades, however, a "brain gain" has brought in educated professionals from Europe and less developed countries.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-220" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-220" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[213]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBain200644_221-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBain200644-221" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[214]</a></sup> Today New Zealand's economy benefits from a high level of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innovation" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Innovation">innovation</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-222" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-222" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[215]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Trade">Trade</span></h3>
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New Zealand is heavily dependent on international trade,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-223" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-223" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[216]</a></sup> particularly in agricultural products.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-224" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-224" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[217]</a></sup> Exports account for 24% of its output,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CIA_149-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-CIA-149" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[142]</a></sup> making New Zealand vulnerable to international commodity prices and global <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recession" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Recession">economic slowdowns</a>. Food products made up 55% of the value of all the country's exports in 2014; wood was the second largest earner (7%).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-225" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-225" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[218]</a></sup> New Zealand's main trading partners, as at June 2018, are China (<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NZ$" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="NZ$">NZ$</a>27.8b), Australia ($26.2b), the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="European Union">European Union</a> ($22.9b), the United States ($17.6b), and Japan ($8.4b).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-GSTC_StatNZ_226-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-GSTC_StatNZ-226" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[219]</a></sup> On 7 April 2008, New Zealand and China signed the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand%E2%80%93China_Free_Trade_Agreement" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Zealand–China Free Trade Agreement">New Zealand–China Free Trade Agreement</a>, the first such agreement China has signed with a developed country.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-227" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-227" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[220]</a></sup> The service sector is the largest sector in the economy, followed by manufacturing and construction and then farming and raw material extraction.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CIA_149-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-CIA-149" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[142]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tourism in New Zealand">Tourism</a> plays a significant role in the economy, contributing $12.9 billion (or 5.6%) to New Zealand's total GDP and supporting 7.5% of the total workforce in 2016.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TourismStats_228-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-TourismStats-228" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[221]</a></sup> International visitor arrivals are expected to increase at a rate of 5.4% annually up to 2022.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TourismStats_228-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-TourismStats-228" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[221]</a></sup></div>
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Wool has historically been one of New Zealand's major exports.</div>
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Wool was New Zealand's major agricultural export during the late 19th century.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RWT_export_evolution_202-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-RWT_export_evolution-202" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[195]</a></sup> Even as late as the 1960s it made up over a third of all export revenues,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RWT_export_evolution_202-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-RWT_export_evolution-202" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[195]</a></sup> but since then its price has steadily dropped relative to other commodities<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-229" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-229" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[222]</a></sup> and wool is no longer profitable for many farmers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-230" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-230" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[223]</a></sup>In contrast <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy_farming_in_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dairy farming in New Zealand">dairy farming</a> increased, with the number of dairy cows doubling between 1990 and 2007,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-231" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-231" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[224]</a></sup> to become New Zealand's largest export earner.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-232" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-232" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[225]</a></sup> In the year to June 2018, dairy products accounted for 17.7% ($14.1 billion) of total exports,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-GSTC_StatNZ_226-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-GSTC_StatNZ-226" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[219]</a></sup> and the country's largest company, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonterra" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fonterra">Fonterra</a>, controls almost one-third of the international dairy trade.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-233" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-233" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[226]</a></sup> Other exports in 2017-18 were meat (8.8%), wood and wood products (6.2%), fruit (3.6%), machinery (2.2%) and wine (2.1%).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-GSTC_StatNZ_226-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-GSTC_StatNZ-226" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[219]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_wine" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Zealand wine">New Zealand's wine</a> industry has followed a similar trend to dairy, the number of vineyards doubling over the same period,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-234" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-234" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[227]</a></sup> overtaking wool exports for the first time in 2007.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-235" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-235" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[228]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-236" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-236" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[229]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</span></h3>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Air_New_Zealand,_Boeing_787-9_ZK-NZE_%27All_Blacks%27_NRT_(27091961041).jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="A mid-size jet airliner in flight. The plane livery is all-black and features a New Zealand silver fern mark." class="thumbimage" data-file-height="3750" data-file-width="5625" decoding="async" height="147" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Air_New_Zealand%2C_Boeing_787-9_ZK-NZE_%27All_Blacks%27_NRT_%2827091961041%29.jpg/220px-Air_New_Zealand%2C_Boeing_787-9_ZK-NZE_%27All_Blacks%27_NRT_%2827091961041%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Air_New_Zealand%2C_Boeing_787-9_ZK-NZE_%27All_Blacks%27_NRT_%2827091961041%29.jpg/330px-Air_New_Zealand%2C_Boeing_787-9_ZK-NZE_%27All_Blacks%27_NRT_%2827091961041%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Air_New_Zealand%2C_Boeing_787-9_ZK-NZE_%27All_Blacks%27_NRT_%2827091961041%29.jpg/440px-Air_New_Zealand%2C_Boeing_787-9_ZK-NZE_%27All_Blacks%27_NRT_%2827091961041%29.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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A <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_787_Dreamliner" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Boeing 787 Dreamliner">Boeing 787-9 Dreamliner</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Air New Zealand">Air New Zealand</a>, the flag carrier of New Zealand</div>
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In 2015, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Renewable energy in New Zealand">renewable energy</a>, primarily <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Geothermal power in New Zealand">geothermal</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectric_power_in_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hydroelectric power in New Zealand">hydroelectric power</a>, generated 40.1% of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Energy in New Zealand">New Zealand's gross energy</a> supply.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Energy2015_237-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-Energy2015-237" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[230]</a></sup> Geothermal power alone accounted for 22% of New Zealand's energy in 2015.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Energy2015_237-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-Energy2015-237" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[230]</a></sup></div>
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The provision of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Water supply and sanitation in New Zealand">water supply and sanitation</a> is generally of good quality. Regional authorities provide water abstraction, treatment and distribution infrastructure to most developed areas.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-238" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-238" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[231]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-239" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-239" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[232]</a></sup></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Transport in New Zealand">New Zealand's transport</a> network comprises 94,000 kilometres (58,410 mi) of roads, including 199 kilometres (124 mi) of motorways,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-240" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-240" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[233]</a></sup> and 4,128 kilometres (2,565 mi) of railway lines.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CIA_149-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-CIA-149" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[142]</a></sup> Most major cities and towns are linked by bus services, although the private car is the predominant mode of transport.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-241" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-241" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[234]</a></sup> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport_in_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rail transport in New Zealand">railways</a> were privatised in 1993, but were re-nationalised by the government in stages between 2004 and 2008. The state-owned enterprise <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KiwiRail" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="KiwiRail">KiwiRail</a> now operates the railways, with the exception of commuter services in Auckland and Wellington which are operated by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transdev_Auckland" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Transdev Auckland">Transdev</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-242" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-242" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[235]</a></sup> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_transport_in_the_Wellington_Region" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Public transport in the Wellington Region">Metlink</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-243" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-243" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[236]</a></sup> respectively. Railways run the length of the country, although most lines now carry freight rather than passengers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-244" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-244" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[237]</a></sup> Most international visitors arrive via air<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-245" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-245" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[238]</a></sup> and New Zealand has <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_in_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of airports in New Zealand">six international airports</a>, but currently only the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_Airport" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Auckland Airport">Auckland</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch_International_Airport" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christchurch International Airport">Christchurch airports</a> connect directly with countries other than Australia or Fiji.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-246" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-246" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[239]</a></sup></div>
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The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Post_Office" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Zealand Post Office">New Zealand Post Office</a> had a monopoly over <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Telecommunications in New Zealand">telecommunications in New Zealand</a> until 1987 when <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spark_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Spark New Zealand">Telecom New Zealand</a> was formed, initially as a state-owned enterprise and then privatised in 1990.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wilson2010_247-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-Wilson2010-247" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[240]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorus_Limited" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chorus Limited">Chorus</a>, which was split from Telecom (now Spark) in 2011,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-248" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-248" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[241]</a></sup> still owns the majority of the telecommunications infrastructure, but competition from other providers has increased.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wilson2010_247-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-Wilson2010-247" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[240]</a></sup> A large-scale rollout of gigabit-capable <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre_to_the_premises" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fibre to the premises">fibre to the premises</a>, branded as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-Fast_Broadband" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ultra-Fast Broadband">Ultra-Fast Broadband</a>, began in 2009 with a target of being available to 87% of the population by 2022.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-249" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-249" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[242]</a></sup> As of 2017, the United Nations <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a> ranks New Zealand 13th in the development of information and communications infrastructure.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-250" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-250" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[243]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Demography">Demography</span></h2>
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Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Demographics of New Zealand">Demographics of New Zealand</a></div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Zealandpop.svg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Stationary population pyramid broken down into 21 age ranges." class="thumbimage" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="800" decoding="async" height="210" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/New_Zealandpop.svg/280px-New_Zealandpop.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/New_Zealandpop.svg/420px-New_Zealandpop.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/New_Zealandpop.svg/560px-New_Zealandpop.svg.png 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="280" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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<a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Zealandpop.svg" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2215%22 height=%2211%22 viewBox=%220 0 11 15%22%3E %3Cg id=%22magnify-clip%22 fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%23000%22%3E %3Cpath id=%22bigbox%22 d=%22M1.509 1.865h10.99v7.919H1.509z%22/%3E %3Cpath id=%22smallbox%22 d=%22M-1.499 6.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #0b0080; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_pyramid" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Population pyramid">Population pyramid</a> (2017)</div>
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The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_New_Zealand_census" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="2013 New Zealand census">2013 New Zealand census</a> enumerated a resident population of 4,242,048, an increase of 5.3% over the 2006 figure.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-251" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-251" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[244]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-253" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-253" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[n 8]</a></sup> As of May 2019, the total population has risen to an estimated 4,964,490.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-populationestimate_9-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-populationestimate-9" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup> In 2018 the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_age" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Median age">median age</a> of the New Zealand population was 38.1 years.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-254" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-254" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[246]</a></sup></div>
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New Zealand is a predominantly urban country, with 73.0% of the population living in the seventeen main <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_area" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Urban area">urban areas</a> (i.e. population 30,000 or greater) and 55.1% living in the four largest cities of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wellington">Wellington</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton,_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hamilton, New Zealand">Hamilton</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Urban_255-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-Urban-255" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[247]</a></sup> New Zealand cities generally rank highly on international livability measures. For instance, in 2016 Auckland was ranked the world's third <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_liveable_city" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Most liveable city">most liveable city</a> and Wellington the twelfth by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercer_Quality_of_Living_Survey" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mercer Quality of Living Survey">Mercer Quality of Living Survey</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-256" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-256" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[248]</a></sup></div>
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Life expectancy for New Zealanders in 2012 was 84 years for females, and 80.2 years for males.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-257" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-257" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[249]</a></sup> Life expectancy at birth is forecast to increase from 80 years to 85 years in 2050 and infant mortality is expected to decline.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-UNtwspop_258-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-UNtwspop-258" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[250]</a></sup> New Zealand's <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertility_rate" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fertility rate">fertility rate</a> of 2.1 is relatively high for a developed country, and natural births account for a significant proportion of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replacement_fertility_rate" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Replacement fertility rate">population growth</a>. Consequently, the country has a young population compared to most industrialised nations, with 20% of New Zealanders being 14 years old or younger.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CIA_149-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-CIA-149" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[142]</a></sup> By 2050 the median age is projected to rise from 36 years to 43 years and the percentage of people 60 years of age and older to rise from 18% to 29%.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-UNtwspop_258-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-UNtwspop-258" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[250]</a></sup> In 2008, the leading cause of premature death was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cancer">cancer</a>, at 29.8%, followed by <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischaemic_heart_disease" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ischaemic heart disease">ischaemic heart disease</a>, 19.7%, and then <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebrovascular_disease" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cerebrovascular disease">cerebrovascular disease</a>, 9.2%.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-259" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-259" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[251]</a></sup> As of 2016, total expenditure on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care_in_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Health care in New Zealand">health care</a> (including private sector spending) is 9.2% of GDP.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-260" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-260" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[252]</a></sup> </div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.552px;">Largest urban areas in New Zealand</span><br /><div style="display: inline; font-weight: normal;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Statistics New Zealand">Statistics New Zealand</a> June 2018 estimate (<abbr style="border-bottom: 0px; cursor: help;" title="New Zealand Standard Areas Classification 1992">NZSAC92</abbr> boundaries)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NZ_population_data_261-0" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-NZ_population_data-261" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[253]</a></sup></div>
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<tr><th style="background-color: #ccccff;"></th><th style="background-color: #ccccff;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_urban_areas_by_population" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of New Zealand urban areas by population">Rank</a></th><th style="background-color: #ccccff;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of cities in New Zealand">Name</a></th><th style="background-color: #ccccff;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Regions of New Zealand">Region</a></th><th style="background-color: #ccccff;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_urban_areas_by_population" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of New Zealand urban areas by population">Pop.</a></th><th style="background-color: #ccccff;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_urban_areas_by_population" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of New Zealand urban areas by population">Rank</a></th><th style="background-color: #ccccff;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of cities in New Zealand">Name</a></th><th style="background-color: #ccccff;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Regions of New Zealand">Region</a></th><th style="background-color: #ccccff;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_urban_areas_by_population" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of New Zealand urban areas by population">Pop.</a></th><th style="background-color: #ccccff;"></th></tr>
<tr><td rowspan="11"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Auckland-skyline.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Auckland"><img alt="Auckland" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1100" data-file-width="1560" decoding="async" height="85" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Auckland-skyline.jpg/120px-Auckland-skyline.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Auckland-skyline.jpg/180px-Auckland-skyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Auckland-skyline.jpg/240px-Auckland-skyline.jpg 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="120" /></a><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Auckland">Auckland</a><br /><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wellington_at_dawn.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wellington"><img alt="Wellington" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="2479" data-file-width="3718" decoding="async" height="80" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Wellington_at_dawn.jpg/120px-Wellington_at_dawn.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Wellington_at_dawn.jpg/180px-Wellington_at_dawn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Wellington_at_dawn.jpg/240px-Wellington_at_dawn.jpg 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="120" /></a><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wellington">Wellington</a></td><td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 240);">1</td><td style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Auckland">Auckland</a></td><td style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_Region" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Auckland Region">Auckland</a></td><td style="text-align: right;">1,628,900</td><td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 240);">11</td><td style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whangarei" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Whangarei">Whangarei</a></td><td style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northland_Region" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Northland Region">Northland</a></td><td style="text-align: right;">58,800</td><td rowspan="11"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christchurch_Central,_Christchurch,_New_Zealand_-_panoramio.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christchurch"><img alt="Christchurch" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1800" data-file-width="2700" decoding="async" height="80" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Christchurch_Central%2C_Christchurch%2C_New_Zealand_-_panoramio.jpg/120px-Christchurch_Central%2C_Christchurch%2C_New_Zealand_-_panoramio.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Christchurch_Central%2C_Christchurch%2C_New_Zealand_-_panoramio.jpg/180px-Christchurch_Central%2C_Christchurch%2C_New_Zealand_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Christchurch_Central%2C_Christchurch%2C_New_Zealand_-_panoramio.jpg/240px-Christchurch_Central%2C_Christchurch%2C_New_Zealand_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="120" /></a><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a><br /><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HamiltonNZfromUni.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hamilton"><img alt="Hamilton" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="2528" data-file-width="3581" decoding="async" height="85" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/HamiltonNZfromUni.jpg/120px-HamiltonNZfromUni.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/HamiltonNZfromUni.jpg/180px-HamiltonNZfromUni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/HamiltonNZfromUni.jpg/240px-HamiltonNZfromUni.jpg 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="120" /></a><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton,_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hamilton, New Zealand">Hamilton</a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 240);">2</td><td style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wellington">Wellington</a></td><td style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_Region" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wellington Region">Wellington</a></td><td style="text-align: right;">418,500</td><td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 240);">12</td><td style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Plymouth" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Plymouth">New Plymouth</a></td><td style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taranaki" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Taranaki">Taranaki</a></td><td style="text-align: right;">58,300</td></tr>
<tr><td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 240);">3</td><td style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a></td><td style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury,_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Canterbury, New Zealand">Canterbury</a></td><td style="text-align: right;">404,500</td><td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 240);">13</td><td style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invercargill" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Invercargill">Invercargill</a></td><td style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southland,_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Southland, New Zealand">Southland</a></td><td style="text-align: right;">51,200</td></tr>
<tr><td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 240);">4</td><td style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton,_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hamilton, New Zealand">Hamilton</a></td><td style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waikato" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Waikato">Waikato</a></td><td style="text-align: right;">241,200</td><td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 240);">14</td><td style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapiti_Urban_Area" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kapiti Urban Area">Kapiti</a></td><td style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_Region" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wellington Region">Wellington</a></td><td style="text-align: right;">42,700</td></tr>
<tr><td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 240);">5</td><td style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauranga" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tauranga">Tauranga</a></td><td style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Plenty" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bay of Plenty">Bay of Plenty</a></td><td style="text-align: right;">141,600</td><td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 240);">15</td><td style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whanganui" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Whanganui">Whanganui</a></td><td style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manawatu-Wanganui" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Manawatu-Wanganui">Manawatu-Wanganui</a></td><td style="text-align: right;">40,900</td></tr>
<tr><td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 240);">6</td><td style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napier-Hastings_Urban_Area" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Napier-Hastings Urban Area">Napier-Hastings</a></td><td style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawke%27s_Bay_Region" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hawke's Bay Region">Hawke's Bay</a></td><td style="text-align: right;">134,500</td><td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 240);">16</td><td style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gisborne,_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gisborne, New Zealand">Gisborne</a></td><td style="text-align: left;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gisborne_Region" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gisborne Region">Gisborne</a></td><td style="text-align: right;">37,200</td></tr>
<tr><td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 240);">7</td><td style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunedin" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dunedin">Dunedin</a></td><td style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otago" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Otago">Otago</a></td><td style="text-align: right;">122,000</td><td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 240);">17</td><td style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blenheim,_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Blenheim, New Zealand">Blenheim</a></td><td style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlborough_Region" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Marlborough Region">Marlborough</a></td><td style="text-align: right;">31,600</td></tr>
<tr><td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 240);">8</td><td style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmerston_North" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Palmerston North">Palmerston North</a></td><td style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manawatu-Wanganui" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Manawatu-Wanganui">Manawatu-Wanganui</a></td><td style="text-align: right;">86,600</td><td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 240);">18</td><td style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pukekohe" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pukekohe">Pukekohe</a></td><td style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_Region" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Auckland Region">Auckland</a></td><td style="text-align: right;">31,400</td></tr>
<tr><td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 240);">9</td><td style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson,_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nelson, New Zealand">Nelson</a></td><td style="text-align: left;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Region" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nelson Region">Nelson</a></td><td style="text-align: right;">67,500</td><td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 240);">19</td><td style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timaru" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Timaru">Timaru</a></td><td style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury,_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Canterbury, New Zealand">Canterbury</a></td><td style="text-align: right;">29,100</td></tr>
<tr><td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 240);">10</td><td style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotorua" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rotorua">Rotorua</a></td><td style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Plenty" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bay of Plenty">Bay of Plenty</a></td><td style="text-align: right;">59,500</td><td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 240);">20</td><td style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taupo" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Taupo">Taupo</a></td><td style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waikato" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Waikato">Waikato</a></td><td style="text-align: right;">24,700</td></tr>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Ethnicity_and_immigration">Ethnicity and immigration</span></h3>
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Main articles: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealanders" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Zealanders">New Zealanders</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Immigration to New Zealand">Immigration to New Zealand</a></div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Queen_Street_Midtown_Auckland.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Pedestrians crossing a wide street which is flanked by storefronts" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="604" data-file-width="841" decoding="async" height="158" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Queen_Street_Midtown_Auckland.jpg/220px-Queen_Street_Midtown_Auckland.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Queen_Street_Midtown_Auckland.jpg/330px-Queen_Street_Midtown_Auckland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Queen_Street_Midtown_Auckland.jpg/440px-Queen_Street_Midtown_Auckland.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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<a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Queen_Street_Midtown_Auckland.jpg" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2215%22 height=%2211%22 viewBox=%220 0 11 15%22%3E %3Cg id=%22magnify-clip%22 fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%23000%22%3E %3Cpath id=%22bigbox%22 d=%22M1.509 1.865h10.99v7.919H1.509z%22/%3E %3Cpath id=%22smallbox%22 d=%22M-1.499 6.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #0b0080; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Pedestrians on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Street,_Auckland" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Queen Street, Auckland">Queen Street</a> in Auckland, an ethnically diverse city</div>
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In the 2013 census, 74.0% of New Zealand residents identified ethnically as European, and 14.9% as Māori. Other major ethnic groups include <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_New_Zealanders" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Asian New Zealanders">Asian</a> (11.8%) and Pacific peoples (7.4%), two-thirds of whom live in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_Region" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Auckland Region">Auckland Region</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-QuickStats_ethnicity_6-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-QuickStats_ethnicity-6" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ethnicity_5-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-ethnicity-5" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[n 3]</a></sup> The population has become more diverse in recent decades: in 1961, the census reported that the population of New Zealand was 92% European and 7% Māori, with Asian and Pacific minorities sharing the remaining 1%.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-262" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-262" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[254]</a></sup></div>
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While the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonym" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Demonym">demonym</a> for a New Zealand citizen is New Zealander, the informal "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiwi_(people)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kiwi (people)">Kiwi</a>" is commonly used both internationally<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-263" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-263" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[255]</a></sup> and by locals.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-264" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-264" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[256]</a></sup> The Māori loanword <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81keh%C4%81" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pākehā">Pākehā</a> has been used to refer to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_New_Zealanders" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="European New Zealanders">New Zealanders of European descent</a>, although others reject this appellation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBain200631_265-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBain200631-265" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[257]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-266" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-266" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[258]</a></sup> The word Pākehā today is increasingly used to refer to all non-Polynesian New Zealanders.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Pakeha_267-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-Pakeha-267" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[259]</a></sup></div>
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The Māori were the first people to reach New Zealand, followed by the early <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81keh%C4%81_settlers" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pākehā settlers">European settlers</a>. Following colonisation, immigrants were predominantly from Britain, Ireland and Australia because of restrictive policies similar to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Australia_policy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="White Australia policy">White Australia policy</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-268" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-268" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[260]</a></sup> There was also significant Dutch, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatian</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-269" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-269" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[261]</a></sup> German, and Italian immigration, together with indirect European immigration through Australia, North America, South America and South Africa.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-270" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-270" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[262]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Immigration_history_271-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-Immigration_history-271" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[263]</a></sup> Net migration increased after the Second World War; in the 1970s and 1980s policies were relaxed and immigration from Asia was promoted.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Immigration_history_271-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-Immigration_history-271" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[263]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-272" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-272" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[264]</a></sup> In 2009–10, an annual target of 45,000–50,000 permanent residence approvals was set by the New Zealand Immigration Service—more than one new migrant for every 100 New Zealand residents.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Recent_immigration_273-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-Recent_immigration-273" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[265]</a></sup> Just over 25% of New Zealand's population was born overseas, with the majority (52%) living in the Auckland Region. The United Kingdom remains the largest source of New Zealand's overseas population, with a quarter of all overseas-born New Zealanders born there; other major sources of New Zealand's overseas-born population are China, India, Australia, South Africa, Fiji and Samoa.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-274" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-274" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[266]</a></sup> The number of fee-paying <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_student" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International student">international students</a> increased sharply in the late 1990s, with more than 20,000 studying in public <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_education" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tertiary education">tertiary institutions</a> in 2002.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-275" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-275" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[267]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Language">Language</span></h3>
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Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Languages of New Zealand">Languages of New Zealand</a></div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TeReoMaori2013.png" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Map of New Zealand showing the percentage of people in each census area unit who speak Māori. Areas of the North Island exhibit the highest Māori proficiency." class="thumbimage" data-file-height="3759" data-file-width="5000" decoding="async" height="165" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/TeReoMaori2013.png/220px-TeReoMaori2013.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/TeReoMaori2013.png/330px-TeReoMaori2013.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/TeReoMaori2013.png/440px-TeReoMaori2013.png 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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<a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TeReoMaori2013.png" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2215%22 height=%2211%22 viewBox=%220 0 11 15%22%3E %3Cg id=%22magnify-clip%22 fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%23000%22%3E %3Cpath id=%22bigbox%22 d=%22M1.509 1.865h10.99v7.919H1.509z%22/%3E %3Cpath id=%22smallbox%22 d=%22M-1.499 6.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #0b0080; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Speakers of Māori according to the 2013 census<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-276" style="font-size: 9.89632px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-276" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[268]</a></sup><div class="legend" style="break-inside: avoid-column;">
<span class="legend-color" style="background-color: #fef0d9; border: 1px solid black; color: black; display: inline-block; height: 1.5em; margin: 1px 0px; text-align: center; width: 1.5em;"> </span> Less than 5%</div>
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<span class="legend-color" style="background-color: #fdd8a4; border: 1px solid black; color: black; display: inline-block; height: 1.5em; margin: 1px 0px; text-align: center; width: 1.5em;"> </span> More than 5%</div>
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<span class="legend-color" style="background-color: #fcb779; border: 1px solid black; color: black; display: inline-block; height: 1.5em; margin: 1px 0px; text-align: center; width: 1.5em;"> </span> More than 10%</div>
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<span class="legend-color" style="background-color: #fc8d59; border: 1px solid black; color: black; display: inline-block; height: 1.5em; margin: 1px 0px; text-align: center; width: 1.5em;"> </span> More than 20%</div>
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<span class="legend-color" style="background-color: #eb603f; border: 1px solid black; color: black; display: inline-block; height: 1.5em; margin: 1px 0px; text-align: center; width: 1.5em;"> </span> More than 30%</div>
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<span class="legend-color" style="background-color: #d33121; border: 1px solid black; color: black; display: inline-block; height: 1.5em; margin: 1px 0px; text-align: center; width: 1.5em;"> </span> More than 40%</div>
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<span class="legend-color" style="background-color: #a50c0c; border: 1px solid black; color: black; display: inline-block; height: 1.5em; margin: 1px 0px; text-align: center; width: 1.5em;"> </span> More than 50%</div>
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English is the predominant language in New Zealand, spoken by 96.1% of the population.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SpokenLanguage_277-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-SpokenLanguage-277" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[269]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_English" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand English</a> is similar to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_English" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Australian English">Australian English</a> and many speakers from the Northern Hemisphere are unable to tell the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accent_(sociolinguistics)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Accent (sociolinguistics)">accents</a> apart.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayMaclaganGordon200814_278-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayMaclaganGordon200814-278" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[270]</a></sup> The most prominent differences between the New Zealand English dialect and other English dialects are the shifts in the short front vowels: the short-"i" sound (as in "kit") has centralised towards the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwa" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Schwa">schwa</a> sound (the "a" in "comma" and "about"); the short-"e" sound (as in "dress") has moved towards the short-"i" sound; and the short-"a" sound (as in "trap") has moved to the short-"e" sound.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-279" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-279" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[271]</a></sup></div>
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After the Second World War, Māori were discouraged from speaking their own language (<i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_reo_M%C4%81ori" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Te reo Māori">te reo Māori</a></i>) in schools and workplaces and it existed as a community language only in a few remote areas.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Maori_language_280-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-Maori_language-280" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[272]</a></sup> It has recently undergone a process of revitalisation,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-281" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-281" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[273]</a></sup> being declared one of New Zealand's official languages in 1987,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-282" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-282" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[274]</a></sup> and is spoken by 3.7% of the population.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SpokenLanguage_277-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-SpokenLanguage-277" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[269]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-284" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-284" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[n 9]</a></sup> There are now Māori language immersion schools and two television channels that broadcast predominantly in Māori.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-285" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-285" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[276]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dual_place_names_in_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of dual place names in New Zealand">Many places</a> have both their Māori and English names officially recognised.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-286" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-286" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[277]</a></sup></div>
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As recorded in the 2013 census,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SpokenLanguage_277-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-SpokenLanguage-277" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[269]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoan_language" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a> is the most widely spoken non-official language (2.2%),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-287" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-287" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[n 10]</a></sup> followed by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> (1.7%), "Northern Chinese" (including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a>, 1.3%) and French (1.2%). 20,235 people (0.5%) reported the ability to use <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Sign_Language" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Zealand Sign Language">New Zealand Sign Language</a>. It was declared one of New Zealand's official languages in 2006.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-288" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-288" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[278]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Religion">Religion</span></h3>
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Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Religion in New Zealand">Religion in New Zealand</a></div>
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See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligion_in_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Irreligion in New Zealand">Irreligion in New Zealand</a></div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ratana_Church_Raetihi.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Simple white building with two red domed towers" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2164" data-file-width="1624" decoding="async" height="227" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ratana_Church_Raetihi.jpg/170px-Ratana_Church_Raetihi.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ratana_Church_Raetihi.jpg/255px-Ratana_Church_Raetihi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ratana_Church_Raetihi.jpg/340px-Ratana_Church_Raetihi.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="170" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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A <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%81tana" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rātana">Rātana</a> church on a hill near <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raetihi" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Raetihi">Raetihi</a>. The two-tower construction is characteristic of Rātana buildings.</div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christianity in New Zealand">Christianity</a> is the predominant religion in New Zealand, although its society is among the most <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Secular">secular</a> in the world.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-289" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-289" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[279]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-290" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-290" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[280]</a></sup> In the 2013 census, 55.0% of the population identified with one or more religions, including 49.0% identifying as Christians. Another 41.9% indicated that they had no religion.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-291" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-291" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[n 11]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2013religiouscommentary_292-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-2013religiouscommentary-292" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[281]</a></sup> The main Christian denominations are, by number of adherents, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Catholic Church in New Zealand">Roman Catholicism</a> (12.6%), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Church_in_Aotearoa,_New_Zealand_and_Polynesia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia">Anglicanism</a> (11.8%), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_Aotearoa_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Presbyterian Church of Aotearoa New Zealand">Presbyterianism</a> (8.5%) and "Christian not further defined" (i.e. people identifying as Christian but not stating the denomination, 5.5%).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2013religiouscommentary_292-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-2013religiouscommentary-292" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[281]</a></sup> The Māori-based <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringat%C5%AB" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ringatū">Ringatū</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%81tana" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rātana">Rātana</a> religions (1.4%) are also Christian in origin.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2013statstables_293-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-2013statstables-293" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[282]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-294" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-294" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[283]</a></sup> Immigration and demographic change in recent decades has contributed to the growth of minority religions,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-295" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-295" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[284]</a></sup> such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hinduism in New Zealand">Hinduism</a> (2.1%), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">Buddhism</a> (1.5%), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Islam in New Zealand">Islam</a> (1.2%) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sikhism in New Zealand">Sikhism</a> (0.5%).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2013statstables_293-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-2013statstables-293" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[282]</a></sup> The Auckland Region exhibited the greatest religious diversity.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2013statstables_293-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-2013statstables-293" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[282]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Education">Education</span></h3>
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Main articles: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Education in New Zealand">Education in New Zealand</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_education_in_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tertiary education in New Zealand">Tertiary education in New Zealand</a></div>
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Primary and secondary schooling is compulsory for children aged 6 to 16, with the majority attending from the age of 5.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Education_Stats_296-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-Education_Stats-296" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[285]</a></sup> There are 13 school years and attending <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_school" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="State school">state (public) schools</a> is free to New Zealand citizens and permanent residents from a person's 5th birthday to the end of the calendar year following their 19th birthday.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-297" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-297" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[286]</a></sup> New Zealand has an adult literacy rate of 99%,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CIA_149-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-CIA-149" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[142]</a></sup> and over half of the population aged 15 to 29 hold a tertiary qualification.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Education_Stats_296-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-Education_Stats-296" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[285]</a></sup> There are five types of government-owned tertiary institutions: universities, colleges of education, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_technology#New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Institute of technology">polytechnics</a>, specialist colleges, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%81nanga" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wānanga">wānanga</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EducationAct1989_298-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-EducationAct1989-298" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[287]</a></sup> in addition to private training establishments.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NZQA_299-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-NZQA-299" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[288]</a></sup> In the adult population 14.2% have a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a> or higher, 30.4% have some form of secondary qualification as their highest qualification and 22.4% have no formal qualification.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TertiaryEdStats_300-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-TertiaryEdStats-300" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[289]</a></sup> The OECD's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programme_for_International_Student_Assessment" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Programme for International Student Assessment">Programme for International Student Assessment</a> ranks New Zealand's education system as the seventh best in the world, with students performing exceptionally well in reading, mathematics and science.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-301" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-301" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[290]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Culture">Culture</span></h2>
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Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Culture of New Zealand">Culture of New Zealand</a></div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KupeWheke.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Use the scrollbar to see the full image."><img alt="Tall wooden carving showing Kupe above two tentacled sea creatures" data-file-height="1570" data-file-width="389" decoding="async" height="605" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/KupeWheke.jpg/150px-KupeWheke.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/KupeWheke.jpg/225px-KupeWheke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/KupeWheke.jpg/300px-KupeWheke.jpg 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="150" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KupeWheke.jpg" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2215%22 height=%2211%22 viewBox=%220 0 11 15%22%3E %3Cg id=%22magnify-clip%22 fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%23000%22%3E %3Cpath id=%22bigbox%22 d=%22M1.509 1.865h10.99v7.919H1.509z%22/%3E %3Cpath id=%22smallbox%22 d=%22M-1.499 6.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #0b0080; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="File:KupeWheke.jpg"></a></div>
Late 20th-century house-post depicting the navigator <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupe" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kupe">Kupe</a> fighting two sea creatures</div>
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Early Māori adapted the tropically based east <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesian_culture" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Polynesian culture">Polynesian culture</a> in line with the challenges associated with a larger and more diverse environment, eventually developing their own distinctive culture. Social organisation was largely communal with families (<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wh%C4%81nau" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Whānau">whānau</a></i>), subtribes (<i>hapū</i>) and tribes (<i>iwi</i>) ruled by a chief (<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangatira" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rangatira">rangatira</a></i>), whose position was subject to the community's approval.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2007398_302-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2007398-302" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[291]</a></sup> The British and Irish immigrants brought aspects of their own culture to New Zealand and also influenced Māori culture,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-303" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-303" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[292]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-304" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-304" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[293]</a></sup> particularly with the introduction of Christianity.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-305" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-305" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[294]</a></sup> However, Māori still regard their allegiance to tribal groups as a vital part of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_identity" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cultural identity">their identity</a>, and Māori kinship roles resemble <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_kinship" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hawaiian kinship">those of other Polynesian peoples</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-306" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-306" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[295]</a></sup> More recently <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Culture of the United States">American</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Australia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Culture of Australia">Australian</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Asia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Culture of Asia">Asian</a> and other <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Europe" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Culture of Europe">European cultures</a> have exerted influence on New Zealand. Non-Māori Polynesian cultures are also apparent, with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasifika_Festival" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pasifika Festival">Pasifika</a>, the world's largest Polynesian festival, now an annual event in Auckland.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-307" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-307" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[296]</a></sup></div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Men_at_their_camp_site_displaying_a_catch_of_rabbits_and_fish,_1909_(4836053716).jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Three men at their camp site displaying a catch of rabbits and fish. A marginal note reads "New Zealand Life"." class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2515" data-file-width="3439" decoding="async" height="161" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Men_at_their_camp_site_displaying_a_catch_of_rabbits_and_fish%2C_1909_%284836053716%29.jpg/220px-Men_at_their_camp_site_displaying_a_catch_of_rabbits_and_fish%2C_1909_%284836053716%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Men_at_their_camp_site_displaying_a_catch_of_rabbits_and_fish%2C_1909_%284836053716%29.jpg/330px-Men_at_their_camp_site_displaying_a_catch_of_rabbits_and_fish%2C_1909_%284836053716%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Men_at_their_camp_site_displaying_a_catch_of_rabbits_and_fish%2C_1909_%284836053716%29.jpg/440px-Men_at_their_camp_site_displaying_a_catch_of_rabbits_and_fish%2C_1909_%284836053716%29.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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<a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Men_at_their_camp_site_displaying_a_catch_of_rabbits_and_fish,_1909_(4836053716).jpg" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2215%22 height=%2211%22 viewBox=%220 0 11 15%22%3E %3Cg id=%22magnify-clip%22 fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%23000%22%3E %3Cpath id=%22bigbox%22 d=%22M1.509 1.865h10.99v7.919H1.509z%22/%3E %3Cpath id=%22smallbox%22 d=%22M-1.499 6.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #0b0080; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81keh%C4%81_settlers" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pākehā settlers">European settlers</a> developed an identity that was influenced by their rustic lifestyle.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2007400_308-0" style="font-size: 9.89632px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2007400-308" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[297]</a></sup> In this scene from 1909, men at their camp site display a catch of rabbits and fish.</div>
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The largely rural life in early New Zealand led to the image of New Zealanders being rugged, industrious problem solvers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2007400_308-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2007400-308" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[297]</a></sup> Modesty was expected and enforced through the "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tall_poppy_syndrome" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tall poppy syndrome">tall poppy syndrome</a>", where high achievers received harsh criticism.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2007399_309-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2007399-309" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[298]</a></sup> At the time New Zealand was not known as an intellectual country.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-310" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-310" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[299]</a></sup> From the early 20th century until the late 1960s, Māori culture was suppressed by the attempted <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_assimilation" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Forced assimilation">assimilation</a> of Māori into British New Zealanders.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Maori_language_280-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-Maori_language-280" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[272]</a></sup> In the 1960s, as tertiary education became more available and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanization" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Urbanization">cities expanded</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-311" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-311" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[300]</a></sup> urban culture began to dominate.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-312" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-312" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[301]</a></sup>However, rural imagery and themes are common in New Zealand's art, literature and media.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-313" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-313" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[302]</a></sup></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_symbols_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="National symbols of New Zealand">New Zealand's national symbols</a> are influenced by natural, historical, and Māori sources. The <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_fern" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Silver fern">silver fern</a> is an emblem appearing on army insignia and sporting team uniforms.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wilson2016_314-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-Wilson2016-314" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[303]</a></sup> Certain items of popular culture thought to be unique to New Zealand are called "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiwiana" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kiwiana">Kiwiana</a>".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wilson2016_314-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-Wilson2016-314" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[303]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Art">Art</span></h3>
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Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_art" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Zealand art">New Zealand art</a></div>
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As part of the resurgence of Māori culture, the traditional crafts of carving and weaving are now more widely practised and Māori artists are increasing in number and influence.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Creative_315-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-Creative-315" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[304]</a></sup> Most Māori carvings feature human figures, generally with three fingers and either a natural-looking, detailed head or a grotesque head.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-316" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-316" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[305]</a></sup> Surface patterns consisting of spirals, ridges, notches and fish scales decorate most carvings.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-317" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-317" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[306]</a></sup> The pre-eminent Māori architecture consisted of carved meeting houses (<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wharenui" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wharenui">wharenui</a></i>) decorated with symbolic carvings and illustrations. These buildings were originally designed to be constantly rebuilt, changing and adapting to different whims or needs.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-318" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-318" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[307]</a></sup></div>
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Māori decorated the white wood of buildings, canoes and cenotaphs using red (a mixture of red <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochre" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ochre">ochre</a> and shark fat) and black (made from soot) paint and painted pictures of birds, reptiles and other designs on cave walls.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-319" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-319" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[308]</a></sup> Māori tattoos (<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81_moko" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tā moko">moko</a></i>) consisting of coloured soot mixed with gum were cut into the flesh with a bone chisel.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-320" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-320" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[309]</a></sup> Since European arrival paintings and photographs have been dominated by landscapes, originally not as works of art but as factual portrayals of New Zealand.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-beginnings_321-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-beginnings-321" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[310]</a></sup> Portraits of Māori were also common, with early painters often portraying them as "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_savage" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Noble savage">noble savages</a>", exotic beauties or friendly natives.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-beginnings_321-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-beginnings-321" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[310]</a></sup> The country's isolation delayed the influence of European artistic trends allowing local artists to develop their own distinctive style of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalism_(art)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Regionalism (art)">regionalism</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-322" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-322" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[311]</a></sup> During the 1960s and 1970s many artists combined traditional Māori and Western techniques, creating unique art forms.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-323" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-323" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[312]</a></sup> New Zealand art and craft has gradually achieved an international audience, with exhibitions in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice_Biennale" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Venice Biennale">Venice Biennale</a> in 2001 and the "Paradise Now" exhibition in New York in 2004.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Creative_315-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-Creative-315" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[304]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-324" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-324" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[313]</a></sup></div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hinepare.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Refer to caption" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="700" data-file-width="545" decoding="async" height="218" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Hinepare.jpg/170px-Hinepare.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Hinepare.jpg/255px-Hinepare.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Hinepare.jpg/340px-Hinepare.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="170" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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<a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hinepare.jpg" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2215%22 height=%2211%22 viewBox=%220 0 11 15%22%3E %3Cg id=%22magnify-clip%22 fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%23000%22%3E %3Cpath id=%22bigbox%22 d=%22M1.509 1.865h10.99v7.919H1.509z%22/%3E %3Cpath id=%22smallbox%22 d=%22M-1.499 6.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #0b0080; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Portrait of Hinepare of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C4%81ti_Kahungunu" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ngāti Kahungunu">Ngāti Kahungunu</a> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Lindauer" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gottfried Lindauer">Gottfried Lindauer</a>, showing chin <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81_moko" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tā moko">moko</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pounamu" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pounamu">pounamu</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hei-tiki" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hei-tiki">hei-tiki</a> and woven cloak</div>
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Māori cloaks are made of fine flax fibre and patterned with black, red and white triangles, diamonds and other geometric shapes.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-325" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-325" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[314]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pounamu" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pounamu">Greenstone</a> was fashioned into earrings and necklaces, with the most well-known design being the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hei-tiki" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hei-tiki">hei-tiki</a>, a distorted human figure sitting cross-legged with its head tilted to the side.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-326" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-326" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[315]</a></sup> Europeans brought English fashion etiquette to New Zealand, and until the 1950s most people dressed up for social occasions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-327" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-327" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[316]</a></sup> Standards have since relaxed and New Zealand fashion has received a reputation for being casual, practical and lacklustre.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-328" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-328" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[317]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-The_Economist_print_edition_329-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-The_Economist_print_edition-329" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[318]</a></sup> However, the local fashion industry has grown significantly since 2000, doubling exports and increasing from a handful to about 50 established labels, with some labels gaining international recognition.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-The_Economist_print_edition_329-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-The_Economist_print_edition-329" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[318]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Literature">Literature</span></h3>
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Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_literature" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Zealand literature">New Zealand literature</a></div>
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Māori quickly adopted writing as a means of sharing ideas, and many of their oral stories and poems were converted to the written form.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-330" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-330" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[319]</a></sup> Most early English literature was obtained from Britain and it was not until the 1950s when local publishing outlets increased that New Zealand literature started to become widely known.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-331" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-331" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[320]</a></sup> Although still largely influenced by global trends (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_modernism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Literary modernism">modernism</a>) and events (the Great Depression), writers in the 1930s began to develop stories increasingly focused on their experiences in New Zealand. During this period literature changed from a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Journalism">journalistic</a> activity to a more academic pursuit.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-332" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-332" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[321]</a></sup> Participation in the world wars gave some New Zealand writers a new perspective on New Zealand culture and with the post-war expansion of universities local literature flourished.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-333" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-333" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[322]</a></sup> Dunedin is a UNESCO <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Literature" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="City of Literature">City of Literature</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-334" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-334" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[323]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Media_and_entertainment">Media and entertainment</span></h3>
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Main articles: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Music of New Zealand">Music of New Zealand</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cinema of New Zealand">Cinema of New Zealand</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Media of New Zealand">Media of New Zealand</a></div>
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New Zealand music has been influenced by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Blues">blues</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Country music">country</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_music" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a>, with many of these genres given a unique New Zealand interpretation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-music_335-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-music-335" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[324]</a></sup> Māori developed traditional chants and songs from their ancient Southeast Asian origins, and after centuries of isolation created a unique "monotonous" and "<a class="extiw" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/doleful" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikt:doleful">doleful</a>" sound.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-336" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-336" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[325]</a></sup>Flutes and trumpets were used as musical instruments<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-337" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-337" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[326]</a></sup> or as signalling devices during war or special occasions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-338" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-338" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[327]</a></sup> Early settlers brought over their ethnic music, with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_band" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Brass band">brass bands</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choir" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Choir">choral music</a> being popular, and musicians began touring New Zealand in the 1860s.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-339" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-339" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[328]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-340" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-340" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[329]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_band" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pipe band">Pipe bands</a> became widespread during the early 20th century.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-341" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-341" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[330]</a></sup> The New Zealand recording industry began to develop from 1940 onwards and many New Zealand musicians have obtained success in Britain and the United States.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-music_335-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-music-335" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[324]</a></sup> Some artists release Māori language songs and the Māori tradition-based art of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapa_haka" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kapa haka">kapa haka</a></i> (song and dance) has made a resurgence.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-342" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-342" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[331]</a></sup> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Music_Awards" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Zealand Music Awards">New Zealand Music Awards</a> are held annually by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Recorded Music NZ">Recorded Music NZ</a>; the awards were first held in 1965 by <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reckitt_%26_Colman" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Reckitt & Colman">Reckitt & Colman</a> as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loxene_Golden_Disc" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Loxene Golden Disc">Loxene Golden Disc</a> awards.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-343" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-343" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[332]</a></sup> Recorded Music NZ also publishes the country's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_New_Zealand_Music_Chart" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Official New Zealand Music Chart">official weekly record charts</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-344" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-344" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[333]</a></sup></div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hobbit_holes_reflected_in_water.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Hills with inset, round doors. Reflected in water." class="thumbimage" data-file-height="3456" data-file-width="5184" decoding="async" height="147" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hobbit_holes_reflected_in_water.jpg/220px-Hobbit_holes_reflected_in_water.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hobbit_holes_reflected_in_water.jpg/330px-Hobbit_holes_reflected_in_water.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hobbit_holes_reflected_in_water.jpg/440px-Hobbit_holes_reflected_in_water.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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<a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hobbit_holes_reflected_in_water.jpg" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2215%22 height=%2211%22 viewBox=%220 0 11 15%22%3E %3Cg id=%22magnify-clip%22 fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%23000%22%3E %3Cpath id=%22bigbox%22 d=%22M1.509 1.865h10.99v7.919H1.509z%22/%3E %3Cpath id=%22smallbox%22 d=%22M-1.499 6.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #0b0080; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobbiton_Movie_Set" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hobbiton Movie Set">Hobbiton Movie Set</a>, located near <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matamata" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Matamata">Matamata</a>, was used for <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> film trilogy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-345" style="font-size: 9.89632px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-345" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[334]</a></sup></div>
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Public <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_in_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Radio in New Zealand">radio</a> was introduced in New Zealand in 1922.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-346" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-346" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[335]</a></sup> A state-owned <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Television in New Zealand">television service</a> began in 1960.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-347" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-347" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[336]</a></sup> Deregulation in the 1980s saw a sudden increase in the numbers of radio and television stations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NZ_TV_348-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-NZ_TV-348" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[337]</a></sup> New Zealand television primarily broadcasts American and British programming, along with a large number of Australian and local shows.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-349" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-349" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[338]</a></sup> The number of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_films" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of New Zealand films">New Zealand films</a> significantly increased during the 1970s. In 1978 the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Film_Commission" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Zealand Film Commission">New Zealand Film Commission</a> started assisting local film-makers and many films attained a world audience, some receiving international acknowledgement.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NZ_TV_348-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-NZ_TV-348" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[337]</a></sup> The highest-grossing New Zealand films are <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunt_for_the_Wilderpeople" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hunt for the Wilderpeople">Hunt for the Wilderpeople</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_(2010_film)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Boy (2010 film)">Boy</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World%27s_Fastest_Indian" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The World's Fastest Indian">The World's Fastest Indian</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Were_Warriors_(film)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Once Were Warriors (film)">Once Were Warriors</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whale_Rider" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Whale Rider">Whale Rider</a></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-350" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-350" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[339]</a></sup> The country's diverse scenery and compact size, plus government incentives,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-351" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-351" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[340]</a></sup> have encouraged some <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_producer" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Film producer">producers</a> to shoot big-budget productions in New Zealand, including <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar_(2009_film)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Avatar (2009 film)">Avatar</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Lord of the Rings (film series)">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hobbit_(film_series)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Hobbit (film series)">The Hobbit</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia_(film_series)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Chronicles of Narnia (film series)">The Chronicles of Narnia</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Kong_(2005_film)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="King Kong (2005 film)">King Kong</a></i>and <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Samurai" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Last Samurai">The Last Samurai</a></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-352" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-352" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[341]</a></sup> The New Zealand media industry is dominated by a small number of companies, most of which are foreign-owned, although the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_entity" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Crown entity">state retains ownership</a> of some television and radio stations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-353" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-353" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[342]</a></sup> Since 1994, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> has consistently ranked New Zealand's press freedom in the top twenty, with the 19th freest media in 2015.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-354" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-354" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[343]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Sports">Sports</span></h3>
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Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sport in New Zealand">Sport in New Zealand</a></div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haka_2006.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Rugby team wearing all black, facing the camera, knees bent, and facing toward a team wearing white" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2000" data-file-width="3008" decoding="async" height="146" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Haka_2006.jpg/220px-Haka_2006.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Haka_2006.jpg/330px-Haka_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Haka_2006.jpg/440px-Haka_2006.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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A <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haka_(sports)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Haka (sports)">haka</a> performed by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_union_team" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Zealand national rugby union team">national rugby union team</a> before a game. The haka is a challenge with vigorous movements and stamping of the feet.</div>
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Most of the major sporting codes played in New Zealand have British origins.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-355" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-355" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[344]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rugby union">Rugby union</a> is considered the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_sport" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="National sport">national sport</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-356" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-356" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[345]</a></sup> and attracts the most spectators.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Organised_Sport_357-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-Organised_Sport-357" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[346]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Golf">Golf</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netball" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Netball">netball</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tennis">tennis</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cricket">cricket</a> have the highest rates of adult participation, while netball, rugby union and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Association football">football (soccer)</a> are particularly popular among young people.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Organised_Sport_357-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-Organised_Sport-357" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[346]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-nzsssc_358-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-nzsssc-358" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[347]</a></sup> Around 54% of New Zealand adolescents participate in sports for their school.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-nzsssc_358-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-nzsssc-358" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[347]</a></sup> Victorious rugby tours to Australia and the United Kingdom in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1888%E2%80%9389_New_Zealand_Native_football_team" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="1888–89 New Zealand Native football team">late 1880s</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Original_All_Blacks" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Original All Blacks">early 1900s</a> played an early role in instilling a national identity.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-359" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-359" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[348]</a></sup> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horseracing_in_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Horseracing in New Zealand">Horseracing</a> was also a popular <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectator_sport" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Spectator sport">spectator sport</a> and became part of the "Rugby, Racing and Beer" culture during the 1960s.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-360" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-360" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[349]</a></sup> Māori participation in European sports was particularly evident in rugby and the country's team performs a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haka_(sports)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Haka (sports)">haka</a>, a traditional Māori challenge, before international matches.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-361" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-361" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[350]</a></sup> New Zealand is known for its <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_sport" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Extreme sport">extreme sports</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_travel" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Adventure travel">adventure tourism</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBain200669_362-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBain200669-362" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[351]</a></sup> and strong <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountaineering" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mountaineering">mountaineering</a> tradition, as seen in the success of notable New Zealander <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edmund Hillary">Sir Edmund Hillary</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-363" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-363" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[352]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-364" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-364" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[353]</a></sup> Other outdoor pursuits such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_in_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cycling in New Zealand">cycling</a>, fishing, swimming, running, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramping_in_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tramping in New Zealand">tramping</a>, canoeing, hunting, snowsports, surfing and sailing are also popular.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SportsParticipation_365-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-SportsParticipation-365" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[354]</a></sup> The Polynesian sport of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waka_ama" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Waka ama">waka ama</a> racing has experienced a resurgence of interest in New Zealand since the 1980s.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-366" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-366" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[355]</a></sup></div>
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New Zealand has competitive international teams in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_union_team" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Zealand national rugby union team">rugby union</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_league_team" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Zealand national rugby league team">rugby league</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_national_netball_team" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Zealand national netball team">netball</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_national_cricket_team" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Zealand national cricket team">cricket</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_men%27s_national_softball_team" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Zealand men's national softball team">softball</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Team New Zealand">sailing</a>. New Zealand participated at the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Olympics" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Summer Olympics">Summer Olympics</a> in 1908 and 1912 as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasia_at_the_Olympics" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Australasia at the Olympics">a joint team with Australia</a>, before first participating <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_at_the_Olympics" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Zealand at the Olympics">on its own</a> in 1920.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-367" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-367" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[356]</a></sup> The country has ranked highly on a medals-to-population ratio at recent Games.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-368" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-368" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[357]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-369" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-369" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[358]</a></sup> The "All Blacks", the national rugby union team, are the most successful in the history of international rugby<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-370" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-370" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[359]</a></sup> and the reigning <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_World_Cup" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rugby World Cup">World Cup</a> champions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-371" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-371" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[360]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Cuisine">Cuisine</span></h3>
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Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_cuisine" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Zealand cuisine">New Zealand cuisine</a></div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hangi_ingredients.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Raw meat and vegetables" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1832" data-file-width="3264" decoding="async" height="123" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Hangi_ingredients.jpg/220px-Hangi_ingredients.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Hangi_ingredients.jpg/330px-Hangi_ingredients.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Hangi_ingredients.jpg/440px-Hangi_ingredients.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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<a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hangi_ingredients.jpg" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2215%22 height=%2211%22 viewBox=%220 0 11 15%22%3E %3Cg id=%22magnify-clip%22 fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%23000%22%3E %3Cpath id=%22bigbox%22 d=%22M1.509 1.865h10.99v7.919H1.509z%22/%3E %3Cpath id=%22smallbox%22 d=%22M-1.499 6.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #0b0080; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Ingredients to be prepared for a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%81ngi" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hāngi">hāngi</a></div>
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The national cuisine has been described as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Rim" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pacific Rim">Pacific Rim</a>, incorporating the native <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_cuisine" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Māori cuisine">Māori cuisine</a> and diverse culinary traditions introduced by settlers and immigrants from Europe, Polynesia and Asia.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-cuisine_372-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-cuisine-372" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[361]</a></sup> New Zealand yields produce from land and sea—most crops and livestock, such as maize, potatoes and pigs, were gradually introduced by the early European settlers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-373" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-373" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[362]</a></sup> Distinctive ingredients or dishes include <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lamb and mutton">lamb</a>, salmon, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dura" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kōura">kōura</a> (crayfish),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-374" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-374" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[363]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dredge_oyster" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dredge oyster">dredge oysters</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitebait" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Whitebait">whitebait</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81ua" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pāua">pāua</a> (abalone), mussels, scallops, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paphies_australis" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paphies australis">pipis</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuatua" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tuatua">tuatua</a> (both are types of New Zealand shellfish),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-375" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-375" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[364]</a></sup> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%ABmara" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kūmara">kūmara</a> (sweet potato), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiwifruit" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kiwifruit">kiwifruit</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamarillo" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tamarillo">tamarillo</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavlova_(food)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pavlova (food)">pavlova</a> (considered a national dish).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-376" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-376" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[365]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-cuisine_372-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-cuisine-372" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[361]</a></sup> A <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%81ngi" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hāngi">hāngi</a> is a traditional Māori method of cooking food using heated rocks buried in a pit oven. After European colonisation, Māori began cooking with pots and ovens and the hāngi was used less frequently, although it is still used for formal occasions such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangihanga" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tangihanga">tangihanga</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-377" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand#cite_note-377" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[366]</a></sup></div>
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ProBeggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07638759199181013879noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5800037888895588450.post-25974748537861137072019-04-14T17:24:00.001-07:002019-04-14T17:28:30.968-07:00Nicotine Wikipedia<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 1.8em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; overflow: visible; padding: 0px;">
Nicotine</h1>
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This article is about the chemical. For other uses, see <a class="mw-disambig" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine_(disambiguation)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nicotine (disambiguation)">Nicotine (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<table class="infobox" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.32px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 22em;"><caption style="font-size: 15.4px; font-weight: bold; padding: 0.2em;"><span title="International nonproprietary name (INN): Nicotine">Nicotine</span></caption><tbody>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nicotine.svg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Nicotine.svg" data-file-height="135" data-file-width="161" decoding="async" height="184" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Nicotine.svg/220px-Nicotine.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Nicotine.svg/330px-Nicotine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Nicotine.svg/440px-Nicotine.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nicotine-3D-vdW.png" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Nicotine-3D-vdW.png" data-file-height="732" data-file-width="1100" decoding="async" height="146" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Nicotine-3D-vdW.png/220px-Nicotine-3D-vdW.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Nicotine-3D-vdW.png/330px-Nicotine-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Nicotine-3D-vdW.png/440px-Nicotine-3D-vdW.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="background: rgb(221, 221, 221); text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Clinical data</th></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.2em 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_nomenclature#Trade_names" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Drug nomenclature">Trade names</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">Nicorette, Nicotrol</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.2em 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Health-System_Pharmacists" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="American Society of Health-System Pharmacists">AHFS</a>/<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drugs.com" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Drugs.com">Drugs.com</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span title="www.drugs.com"><a class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/monograph/nicotine.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">Monograph</a></span></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.2em 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy_category" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pregnancy category">Pregnancy<br />category</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><div class="plainlist">
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><small style="font-size: 10.472px;"><abbr class="country-name" style="border-bottom: 0px; cursor: help;" title="">AU</abbr>:</small> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy_category#Australia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pregnancy category">D</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><small style="font-size: 10.472px;"><abbr class="country-name" style="border-bottom: 0px; cursor: help;" title="United States">US</abbr>:</small> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy_category#United_States" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pregnancy category">D</a> (Evidence of risk)</li>
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<tr><th scope="row" style="line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.2em 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_dependence" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Substance dependence">Dependence<br />liability</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_dependence" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Physical dependence">Physical</a>: low–moderate<br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_dependence" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Psychological dependence">Psychological</a>: moderate–high<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Dependence-withdrawal_1-0" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Dependence-withdrawal-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.2em 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addiction" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Addiction">Addiction<br />liability</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">High<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-3" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.2em 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_of_administration" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Route of administration">Routes of<br />administration</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhalation" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Inhalation">Inhalation</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insufflation_(medicine)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Insufflation (medicine)">insufflation</a>; <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_route" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Oral route">oral</a>– buccal, sublingual, and ingestion; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transdermal" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Transdermal">transdermal</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suppository" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Suppository">rectal</a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.2em 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">ATC code</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><div class="plainlist">
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATC_code_N07" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ATC code N07">N07BA01</a> (<span title="www.whocc.no"><a class="external text" href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N07BA01" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">WHO</a></span>) <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATC_code_P53" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ATC code P53">QP53AX13</a> (<span title="www.whocc.no/atcvet"><a class="external text" href="https://www.whocc.no/atcvet/atcvet_index/?code=QP53AX13" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">WHO</a></span>)</li>
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<tr><th colspan="2" style="background: rgb(221, 221, 221); text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Legal status</th></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.2em 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">Legal status</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><div class="plainlist">
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><small style="font-size: 10.472px;"><abbr class="country-name" style="border-bottom: 0px; cursor: help;" title="United States">US</abbr>:</small> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over-the-counter_drug" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Over-the-counter drug">OTC</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prescription_drug" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Prescription drug">℞</a>(prescription)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-PubChem_Nicotine_4-0" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-PubChem_Nicotine-4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup></li>
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<tr><th colspan="2" style="background: rgb(221, 221, 221); text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacokinetics" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetic</a> data</th></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.2em 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_protein_binding" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Plasma protein binding">Protein binding</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><5 td=""></5></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.2em 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_metabolism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Drug metabolism">Metabolism</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">Primarily <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatic" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hepatic">hepatic</a>: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP2A6" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="CYP2A6">CYP2A6</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP2B6" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="CYP2B6">CYP2B6</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FMO3" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="FMO3">FMO3</a>, others</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.2em 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolite" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Metabolite">Metabolites</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotinine" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cotinine">Cotinine</a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.2em 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_half-life" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Biological half-life">Elimination <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">half-life</span></a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">1-2 hours; 20 hours active metabolite</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.2em 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excretion" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Excretion">Excretion</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Renal">Renal</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_pH" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Urine pH">urine pH</a>-dependent;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-inchem_5-0" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-inchem-5" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup><br />
<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">10–20%</span> (gum), 30% (inhaled); <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">10–30%</span>(intranasal)</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="background: rgb(221, 221, 221); text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Identifiers</th></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><div class="NavFrame collapsed" id="NavFrame1" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; font-size: 11.704px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<div class="NavHead" style="background: transparent; font-size: 12.2892px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.6em; position: relative; text-align: left;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_chemistry" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="IUPAC nomenclature of chemistry">IUPAC name</a><a class="NavToggle" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#" id="NavToggle1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; font-size: 11.0603px; font-weight: normal; position: absolute; right: 3px; text-decoration-line: none; top: 0px;">[show]</a></div>
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<tr><th scope="row" style="line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.2em 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><div class="plainlist">
<ul style="line-height: inherit; list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span title="www.commonchemistry.org"><a class="external text" href="http://www.commonchemistry.org/ChemicalDetail.aspx?ref=54-11-5" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">54-11-5</a></span><sup style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1;"> <img alt="☑" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="600" decoding="async" height="7" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="7" /></sup></li>
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<tr><th scope="row" style="line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.2em 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubChem#CID" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <span style="font-weight: normal;"><abbr style="border-bottom: 0px; cursor: help;" title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></span></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><div class="plainlist">
<ul style="line-height: inherit; list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"><a class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/89594" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">89594</a></span></li>
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<tr><th scope="row" style="line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.2em 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guide_to_Pharmacology" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Guide to Pharmacology">IUPHAR/BPS</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><div class="plainlist">
<ul style="line-height: inherit; list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span title="www.guidetopharmacology.org"><a class="external text" href="http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=2585" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">2585</a></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.2em 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DrugBank" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="DrugBank">DrugBank</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><div class="plainlist">
<ul style="line-height: inherit; list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span title="www.drugbank.ca"><a class="external text" href="https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00184" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">DB00184</a></span><sup style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1;"> <img alt="☑" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="600" decoding="async" height="7" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="7" /></sup></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.2em 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChemSpider" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><div class="plainlist">
<ul style="line-height: inherit; list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span title="www.chemspider.com"><a class="external text" href="http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.80863.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">80863</a></span><sup style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1;"> <img alt="☑" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="600" decoding="async" height="7" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="7" /></sup></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.2em 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><div class="plainlist">
<ul style="line-height: inherit; list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span title="fdasis.nlm.nih.gov"><a class="external text" href="https://fdasis.nlm.nih.gov/srs/srsdirect.jsp?regno=6M3C89ZY6R" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">6M3C89ZY6R</a></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.2em 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KEGG" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="KEGG">KEGG</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><div class="plainlist">
<ul style="line-height: inherit; list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span title="www.kegg.jp"><a class="external text" href="http://www.kegg.jp/entry/D03365" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">D03365</a></span><sup style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1;"> <img alt="☑" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="600" decoding="async" height="7" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="7" /></sup></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.2em 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChEBI" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ChEBI">ChEBI</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><div class="plainlist">
<ul style="line-height: inherit; list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:18723" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">CHEBI:18723</a></span><sup style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1;"> <img alt="☑" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="600" decoding="async" height="7" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="7" /></sup></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.2em 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChEMBL" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ChEMBL">ChEMBL</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><div class="plainlist">
<ul style="line-height: inherit; list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembldb/index.php/compound/inspect/ChEMBL3" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">ChEMBL3</a></span><sup style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1;"> <img alt="☑" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="600" decoding="async" height="7" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="7" /></sup></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.2em 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligand_(biochemistry)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ligand (biochemistry)">ligand</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><div class="plainlist">
<ul style="line-height: inherit; list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;">NCT (<span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe-srv/PDBeXplore/ligand/?ligand=NCT" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">PDBe</a></span>, <span title="www.rcsb.org"><a class="external text" href="http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/search/smartSubquery.do?smartSearchSubtype=ChemCompIdQuery&chemCompId=NCT&polymericType=Any" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">RCSB PDB</a></span>)</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.2em 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ECHA InfoCard">ECHA InfoCard</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.000.177" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">100.000.177</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28086552#P2566" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="600" decoding="async" height="10" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: text-top;" width="10" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="background: rgb(221, 221, 221); text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Chemical and physical data</th></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.2em 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chemical formula">Formula</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span title="Carbon">C</span><sub style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1;">10</sub><span title="Hydrogen">H</span><sub style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1;">14</sub><span title="Nitrogen">N</span><sub style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1;">2</sub></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.2em 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_mass" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">162.23 g/mol g·mol<sup style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1;">−1</sup></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.2em 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">3D model (<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSmol" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><div class="plainlist">
<ul style="line-height: inherit; list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)"><a class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=CN1CCC%5BC%40H%5D1C1%3DCC%3DCN%3DC1" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">Interactive image</a></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.2em 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirality_(chemistry)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chirality (chemistry)">Chirality</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiral" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chiral">Chiral</a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.2em 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Density">Density</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">1.01 g/cm<sup style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1;">3</sup></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.2em 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_point" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">−79 °C (−110 °F)</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.2em 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_point" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">247 °C (477 °F)</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><div class="NavFrame collapsed" id="NavFrame2" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; font-size: 11.704px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a><a class="NavToggle" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#" id="NavToggle2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; font-size: 11.0603px; font-weight: normal; position: absolute; right: 3px; text-decoration-line: none; top: 0px;">[show]</a></div>
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<b>Nicotine</b> is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulant" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stimulant">stimulant</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potency_(pharmacology)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Potency (pharmacology)">potent</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasympathomimetic" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Parasympathomimetic">parasympathomimetic</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloid" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Alkaloid">alkaloid</a> that is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_product" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Natural product">naturally produced</a> in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightshade" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nightshade">nightshade</a> family of plants and used for the treatment of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_use_disorder" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Substance use disorder">tobacco use disorders</a> as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking_cessation" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Smoking cessation">smoking cessation</a> aid and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#Reinforcement_disorders" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">nicotine dependence</a> for the relief of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_withdrawal" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Drug withdrawal">withdrawal symptoms</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-PubChem_Nicotine_4-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-PubChem_Nicotine-4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-IUPHAR_nicotine_clinical_data_6-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-IUPHAR_nicotine_clinical_data-6" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Abou-Donia2015_7-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Abou-Donia2015-7" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup> Nicotine acts as a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_agonist" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Receptor agonist">receptor agonist</a> at most <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor">nicotinic acetylcholine receptors</a> (nAChRs),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-IUPHAR_8-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-IUPHAR-8" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MalenkaNicotine_9-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-MalenkaNicotine-9" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kishioka_2014_10-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Kishioka_2014-10" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup> except at two <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinic_receptor_subunits" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nicotinic receptor subunits">nicotinic receptor subunits</a> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAChR%CE%B19" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="NAChRα9">nAChRα9</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAChR%CE%B110" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="NAChRα10">nAChRα10</a>) where it acts as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Receptor antagonist">receptor antagonist</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-IUPHAR_8-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-IUPHAR-8" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup></div>
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Nicotine constitutes approximately 0.6–3.0<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percentage" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Percentage">%</a> of the dry weight of tobacco.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-11" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup> Usually consistent concentrations of nicotine varying from 2–7 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microgram" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Microgram">µg</a>/<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogram" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kilogram">kg</a> (20–70 millionths of a percent wet weight) are found in the edible family <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solanaceae" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Solanaceae">Solanaceae</a>, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Potato">potatoes</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tomato">tomatoes</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggplant" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eggplant">eggplant</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SiegmundLeitner1999_12-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-SiegmundLeitner1999-12" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup> Some research indicates that the contribution of nicotine obtained from food is substantial in comparison to inhalation of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_smoking" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Passive smoking">second-hand smoke</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SiegmundLeitner1999_12-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-SiegmundLeitner1999-12" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup> Others consider nicotine obtained from food to be trivial unless exceedingly high amounts of certain vegetables are eaten.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SiegmundLeitner1999_12-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-SiegmundLeitner1999-12" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup> It functions as an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_defense_against_herbivory" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Plant defense against herbivory">antiherbivore chemical</a>; consequently, nicotine was widely used as an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecticide" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Insecticide">insecticide</a> in the past,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-13" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ujvary_14-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Ujvary-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup>and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonicotinoids" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Neonicotinoids">neonicotinoids</a>, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imidacloprid" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Imidacloprid">imidacloprid</a>, are widely used.</div>
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Nicotine is highly <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addictive" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Addictive">addictive</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Grana2014_15-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Grana2014-15" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Holbrook2016_16-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Holbrook2016-16" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Siqueira2016_17-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Siqueira2016-17" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup> It is one of the most commonly abused drugs.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SajjaRahman2016_18-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-SajjaRahman2016-18" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[18]</a></sup> An average <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarette" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cigarette">cigarette</a> yields about 2 mg of absorbed nicotine; high amounts can be harmful.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MayerNewLethalDose2013_19-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-MayerNewLethalDose2013-19" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup> Nicotine induces both behavioral stimulation and anxiety in animals.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-inchem_5-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-inchem-5" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup> Nicotine <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addiction" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Addiction">addiction</a> involves drug-reinforced behavior, compulsive use, and relapse following abstinence.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Caponnetto2012_20-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Caponnetto2012-20" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[20]</a></sup> Nicotine <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_dependence" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Drug dependence">dependence</a> involves tolerance, sensitization,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-JainMukherjee2008_21-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-JainMukherjee2008-21" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_dependence" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Physical dependence">physical dependence</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_dependence" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Psychological dependence">psychological dependence</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-22" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[22]</a></sup> Nicotine dependency causes distress.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Parrott2015_23-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Parrott2015-23" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[23]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-psych_addiction_24-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-psych_addiction-24" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[24]</a></sup> Nicotine withdrawal symptoms include depressed mood, stress, anxiety, irritability, difficulty concentrating, and sleep disturbances.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Dependence-withdrawal_1-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Dependence-withdrawal-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup> Mild nicotine withdrawal symptoms are measurable in unrestricted smokers, who experience normal moods only as their blood nicotine levels peak, with each cigarette.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Parrott2003_normquote_25-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Parrott2003_normquote-25" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[25]</a></sup> On quitting, withdrawal symptoms worsen sharply, then gradually improve to a normal state.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Parrott2003_normquote_25-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Parrott2003_normquote-25" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[25]</a></sup></div>
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Nicotine use as a tool for <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quitting_smoking" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Quitting smoking">quitting smoking</a> has a good safety history.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Schraufnage2014_26-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Schraufnage2014-26" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup> The general medical position is that nicotine itself poses few health risks, except among certain vulnerable groups,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CancerResearch2013_27-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-CancerResearch2013-27" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[27]</a></sup> such as youth.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Schraufnagel2015_28-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Schraufnagel2015-28" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[28]</a></sup> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Agency_for_Research_on_Cancer" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Agency for Research on Cancer">International Agency for Research on Cancer</a> indicates that nicotine does not cause cancer.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-IARC_Cancer_Statement_29-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-IARC_Cancer_Statement-29" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[29]</a></sup> Nicotine has been shown to produce birth defects in some animal species, but not others;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TOXNET_Nicotine_entry_30-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-TOXNET_Nicotine_entry-30" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[30]</a></sup> consequently, it is considered to be a possible <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teratogen" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Teratogen">teratogen</a> in humans.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TOXNET_Nicotine_entry_30-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-TOXNET_Nicotine_entry-30" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[30]</a></sup> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_lethal_dose" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Median lethal dose">median lethal dose</a> of nicotine in humans is unknown,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ECHA_nicotine_monograph_31-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-ECHA_nicotine_monograph-31" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[31]</a></sup> but high doses are known to cause <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine_poisoning" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nicotine poisoning">nicotine poisoning</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SGUS2014_32-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-SGUS2014-32" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[32]</a></sup></div>
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<h2 style="background: none; border: 0px; color: black; display: inline; font-size: 13.3px; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
Contents</h2>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#Uses" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Uses</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#Medical" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Medical</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#Pesticide" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Pesticide</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#Enhancing_performance" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Enhancing performance</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#Recreational" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1.4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Recreational</span></a></li>
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</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#Contraindications" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Contraindications</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#Side_effects" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Side effects</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#Sleep" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Sleep</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#Cardiovascular_system" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Cardiovascular system</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#Cancer" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Cancer</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#Fetal_development_and_breastfeeding" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Fetal development and breastfeeding</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#Overdose" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Overdose</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#Reinforcement_disorders" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Reinforcement disorders</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#Toxicity" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Toxicity</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#Drug_interactions" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Drug interactions</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#Pharmacodynamic" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">5.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Pharmacodynamic</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#Pharmacokinetic" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">5.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Pharmacokinetic</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#Pharmacology" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Pharmacology</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#Pharmacodynamics" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">6.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Pharmacodynamics</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#Pharmacokinetics" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">6.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Pharmacokinetics</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#Chemistry" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">7</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Chemistry</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#Occurrence" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">7.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Occurrence</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#Biosynthesis" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">7.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Biosynthesis</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#Detection_in_body_fluids" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">7.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Detection in body fluids</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#History,_society,_and_culture" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">8</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">History, society, and culture</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#Legal_status" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">8.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Legal status</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#In_media" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">8.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">In media</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#Research" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">9</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Research</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#Central_nervous_system_2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">9.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Central nervous system</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#Immune_system" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">9.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Immune system</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#Optopharmacology" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">9.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Optopharmacology</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#References" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">10</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#External_links" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">11</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Uses">Uses</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicotine&action=edit&section=1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Uses">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Medical">Medical</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicotine&action=edit&section=2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Medical">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine_replacement_therapy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nicotine replacement therapy">Nicotine replacement therapy</a></div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nicoderm.JPG" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2000" data-file-width="3008" decoding="async" height="146" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Nicoderm.JPG/220px-Nicoderm.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Nicoderm.JPG/330px-Nicoderm.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Nicoderm.JPG/440px-Nicoderm.JPG 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><br />
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<a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nicoderm.JPG" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2215%22 height=%2211%22 viewBox=%220 0 11 15%22%3E %3Cg id=%22magnify-clip%22 fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%23000%22%3E %3Cpath id=%22bigbox%22 d=%22M1.509 1.865h10.99v7.919H1.509z%22/%3E %3Cpath id=%22smallbox%22 d=%22M-1.499 6.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #0b0080; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
A 21 mg <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine_patch" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nicotine patch">patch</a> applied to the left arm. The <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochrane_Collaboration" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cochrane Collaboration">Cochrane Collaboration</a>finds that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine_replacement_therapy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nicotine replacement therapy">nicotine replacement therapy</a> increases a quitter's chance of success by <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">50–60%</span>, regardless of setting.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Cochrane_NRT_2018_33-0" style="font-size: 9.89632px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Cochrane_NRT_2018-33" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[33]</a></sup></div>
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The primary <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacotherapy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pharmacotherapy">therapeutic use</a> of nicotine is in treating nicotine dependence in order to eliminate <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Smoking">smoking</a> with the damage it does to health. Controlled levels of nicotine are given to patients through <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine_gum" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nicotine gum">gums</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine_patches" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nicotine patches">dermal patches</a>, lozenges, inhalers, electronic/substitute cigarettes or nasal sprays in an effort to wean them off their dependence. A 2018 <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochrane_Collaboration" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cochrane Collaboration">Cochrane Collaboration</a> review found high quality evidence that all current forms of nicotine replacement therapy (gum, patch, lozenges, inhaler, and nasal spray) therapies increase the chances of successfully quitting smoking by <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">50–60%</span>, regardless of setting,.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Cochrane_NRT_2018_33-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Cochrane_NRT_2018-33" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[33]</a></sup></div>
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In contrast to recreational nicotine products, which have been designed to maximize the likelihood of addiction, nicotine replacement products (NRTs) are designed to minimize addictiveness.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SGUS2014_32-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-SGUS2014-32" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[32]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;">:112</sup> The more quickly a dose of nicotine is delivered and absorbed, the higher the addiction risk.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Parrott2015_23-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Parrott2015-23" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[23]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Pesticide">Pesticide</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicotine&action=edit&section=3" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Pesticide">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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Nicotine has been used as an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecticide" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Insecticide">insecticide</a> since at least the 1690s, in the form of tobacco extracts<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-neonic_mechanisms_34-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-neonic_mechanisms-34" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[34]</a></sup> (although other components of tobacco also seem to have pesticide effects).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-modern_pesticide_35-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-modern_pesticide-35" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[35]</a></sup> Nicotine pesticides have not been commercially available in the US since 2014,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-epacancel2_36-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-epacancel2-36" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[36]</a></sup> and homemade pesticides are banned on organic crops<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-prohibited_dust_37-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-prohibited_dust-37" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[37]</a></sup> and counterrecommended for small gardeners.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-homemade_pesticide_38-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-homemade_pesticide-38" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[38]</a></sup> Nicotine pesticides have been banned in the EU since 2009.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pesticide_contam_39-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-pesticide_contam-39" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[39]</a></sup>Foods are imported from countries in which nicotine pesticides are allowed, such as China, but foods may not exceed maximum nicotine levels.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pesticide_contam_39-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-pesticide_contam-39" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[39]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-40" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[40]</a></sup> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonicotinoids" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Neonicotinoids">Neonicotinoids</a>, which are derived from and structurally similar to nicotine, are widely used as agricultural and veterinary pesticides as of 2016.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-41" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[41]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-neonic_mechanisms_34-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-neonic_mechanisms-34" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[34]</a></sup></div>
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In nicotine-producing plants, nicotine functions as an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_defense_against_herbivory" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Plant defense against herbivory">antiherbivory chemical</a>; consequently, nicotine has been widely used as an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecticide" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Insecticide">insecticide</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-42" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[42]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ujvary_14-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Ujvary-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonicotinoids" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Neonicotinoids">neonicotinoids</a>, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imidacloprid" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Imidacloprid">imidacloprid</a>, are widely used.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Enhancing_performance">Enhancing performance</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicotine&action=edit&section=4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Enhancing performance">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Recreational" style="font-size: 1.2em;">Recreational</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicotine&action=edit&section=5" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Recreational">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span>Nicotine-containing products are sometimes used for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance-enhancing_substance" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Performance-enhancing substance">performance-enhancing</a> effects of nicotine on cognition.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A meta-analysis of 41 <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-blind" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Double-blind">double-blind</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placebo" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Placebo">placebo</a>-controlled studies concluded that nicotine or smoking had significant positive effects on aspects of fine motor abilities, alerting and orienting attention, and episodic and working memory.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-43" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[43]</a></sup> A 2015 review noted that stimulation of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%914%CE%B22_nicotinic_receptor" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Α4β2 nicotinic receptor">α4β2 nicotinic receptor</a> is responsible for certain improvements in attentional performance;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-44" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[44]</a></sup> among the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinic_receptor" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nicotinic receptor">nicotinic receptor</a> subtypes, nicotine has the highest <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binding_affinity" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Binding affinity">binding affinity</a> at the α4β2 receptor (k<sub style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">i</sub>=1 <abbr style="border-bottom: 0px; cursor: help;" title="nanomolar">nM</abbr>), which is also the biological target that mediates nicotine's <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addictive" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Addictive">addictive</a>properties.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nicotine_IUPHAR_45-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Nicotine_IUPHAR-45" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[45]</a></sup> Nicotine has potential beneficial effects, but it also has <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradoxical_reaction" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paradoxical reaction">paradoxical effects</a>, which may be due to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerkes%E2%80%93Dodson_law" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Yerkes–Dodson law">inverted U-shape of the dose-response curve</a> or <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacokinetic" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pharmacokinetic">pharmacokinetic</a> features.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-46" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-46" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[46]</a></sup></div>
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Nicotine is used as a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreational_drug" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Recreational drug">recreational drug</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-UbanHorton2018_47-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-UbanHorton2018-47" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[47]</a></sup> It is widely used because it is highly addictive and hard to discontinue using it.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Siqueira2017_48-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Siqueira2017-48" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[48]</a></sup> Nicotine is often <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addiction" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Addiction">used compulsively</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-addictive_49-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-addictive-49" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[49]</a></sup> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_dependence" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Substance dependence">dependence</a> can develop within days.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-addictive_49-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-addictive-49" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[49]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wilder2016_50-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Wilder2016-50" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[50]</a></sup> Recreational drug users commonly use nicotine for its mood-altering effects.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Parrott2015_23-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Parrott2015-23" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[23]</a></sup> Other recreational nicotine products include <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chewing_tobacco" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chewing tobacco">chewing tobacco</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigars" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cigars">cigars</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ElSayedSylvester2007_51-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-ElSayedSylvester2007-51" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[51]</a></sup> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarettes" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cigarettes">cigarettes</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ElSayedSylvester2007_51-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-ElSayedSylvester2007-51" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[51]</a></sup> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-cigarettes" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="E-cigarettes">e-cigarettes</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Rahman2014_52-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Rahman2014-52" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[52]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snuff_(tobacco)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Snuff (tobacco)">snuff</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-53" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-53" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[53]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_smoking" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pipe smoking">pipe tobacco</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ElSayedSylvester2007_51-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-ElSayedSylvester2007-51" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[51]</a></sup> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Snus">snus</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Contraindications">Contraindications</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicotine&action=edit&section=6" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Contraindications">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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According to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Health-System_Pharmacists" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="American Society of Health-System Pharmacists">American Society of Health-System Pharmacists</a>, nicotine in any form is <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraindicated" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Contraindicated">contraindicated</a> in individuals with a known <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersensitivity" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hypersensitivity">hypersensitivity</a> to nicotine and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine_gum" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nicotine gum">nicotine polacrilex gum</a> is contraindicated in individuals with <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporomandibular_joint_disease" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Temporomandibular joint disease">temporomandibular joint disease</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nicotine_AHFS_monograph_54-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Nicotine_AHFS_monograph-54" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[54]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Side_effects">Side effects</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicotine&action=edit&section=7" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Side effects">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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Nicotine is not harmless,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MorjariaMondati2017_55-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-MorjariaMondati2017-55" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[55]</a></sup> but it is safer than inhaled tobacco smoke.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ChaturvediMishra2015_56-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-ChaturvediMishra2015-56" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[56]</a></sup> As medicine, nicotine is used to help with <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quitting_smoking" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Quitting smoking">quitting smoking</a> and has good <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_safety" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Drug safety">safety</a> in this form.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Schraufnage2014_26-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Schraufnage2014-26" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup> The accepted medical position in 2007 was that nicotine itself poses few health risks, except among certain vulnerable groups<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CancerResearch2013_27-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-CancerResearch2013-27" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[27]</a></sup> such as youth,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Schraufnagel2015_28-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Schraufnagel2015-28" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[28]</a></sup> but the ideal course of action for smokers is to quit all nicotine use.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-57" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-57" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[57]</a></sup></div>
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The common side effects from nicotine exposure are listed in the table below. Serious adverse events due to the use of nicotine replacement therapy are extremely rare.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Cochrane_NRT_2018_33-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Cochrane_NRT_2018-33" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[33]</a></sup></div>
<table class="wikitable sortable jquery-tablesorter" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 1em 0px;"><caption style="font-weight: bold;"><i><u>Common</u></i> side effects of nicotine use according to route of administration and dosage form</caption><thead>
<tr><th class="sortable headerSort" role="columnheader button" rowspan="2" style="background-color: #eaecf0; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2221%22 height=%229%22 viewBox=%220 0 21 9%22%3E %3Cpath d=%22M14.5 5l-4 4-4-4zm0-1l-4-4-4 4z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); background-position: right center; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); cursor: pointer; padding: 0.2em 21px 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;" tabindex="0" title="Sort ascending"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_of_administration" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Route of administration">Route of administration</a></th><th class="sortable headerSort" role="columnheader button" rowspan="2" style="background-color: #eaecf0; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2221%22 height=%229%22 viewBox=%220 0 21 9%22%3E %3Cpath d=%22M14.5 5l-4 4-4-4zm0-1l-4-4-4 4z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); background-position: right center; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); cursor: pointer; padding: 0.2em 21px 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;" tabindex="0" title="Sort ascending"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosage_form" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dosage form">Dosage form</a></th><th class="unsortable" rowspan="2" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Associated side effects of nicotine</th><th class="unsortable" rowspan="2" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;"><small style="font-size: 11.9px;">Sources</small></th></tr>
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<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buccal_administration" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Buccal administration">Buccal</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine_gum" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nicotine gum">Nicotine gum</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigestion" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Indigestion">Indigestion</a>, nausea, hiccups, traumatic injury to oral mucosa or teeth, irritation or <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tingling" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tingling">tingling</a> of the mouth and throat, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouth_ulcer" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mouth ulcer">oral mucosal ulceration</a>, jaw-<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_ache" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Muscle ache">muscle ache</a>, burping, gum sticking to teeth, unpleasant taste, dizziness, lightheadedness, headache, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insomnia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Insomnia">insomnia</a>.</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Cochrane_NRT_2018_33-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Cochrane_NRT_2018-33" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[33]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nicotine_AHFS_monograph_54-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Nicotine_AHFS_monograph-54" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[54]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buccal_administration" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Buccal administration">Buccal</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine_lozenge" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nicotine lozenge">Lozenge</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Nausea, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyspepsia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dyspepsia">dyspepsia</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatulence" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Flatulence">flatulence</a>, headache, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_respiratory_tract_infection" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Upper respiratory tract infection">upper respiratory tract infections</a>, irritation (i.e., a burning sensation), hiccups, sore throat, coughing, dry lips, and oral mucosal ulceration.</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Cochrane_NRT_2018_33-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Cochrane_NRT_2018-33" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[33]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nicotine_AHFS_monograph_54-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Nicotine_AHFS_monograph-54" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[54]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transdermal" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Transdermal">Transdermal</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine_patch" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nicotine patch">Transdermal<br />patch</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_site_reaction" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Application site reaction">Application site reactions</a> (i.e., <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruritus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pruritus">pruritus</a>, burning, or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythema" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Erythema">erythema</a>), diarrhea, dyspepsia, abdominal pain, dry mouth, nausea, dizziness, nervousness or restlessness, headache, vivid dreams or other sleep disturbances, and irritability.</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Cochrane_NRT_2018_33-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Cochrane_NRT_2018-33" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[33]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nicotine_AHFS_monograph_54-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Nicotine_AHFS_monograph-54" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[54]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FDA_transdermal_patch_58-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-FDA_transdermal_patch-58" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[58]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intranasal" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Intranasal">Intranasal</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine_nasal_spray" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nicotine nasal spray">Nasal spray</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Runny nose, nasopharyngeal and ocular irritation, watery eyes, sneezing, and coughing.</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Cochrane_NRT_2018_33-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Cochrane_NRT_2018-33" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[33]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nicotine_AHFS_monograph_54-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Nicotine_AHFS_monograph-54" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[54]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nicotrol_NS_59-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Nicotrol_NS-59" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[59]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Oral inhalation</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine_inhaler" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nicotine inhaler">Inhaler</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Dyspepsia, oropharyngeal irritation (e.g., coughing, irritation of the mouth and throat), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinitis" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rhinitis">rhinitis</a>, and headache.</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Cochrane_NRT_2018_33-7" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Cochrane_NRT_2018-33" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[33]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nicotine_AHFS_monograph_54-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Nicotine_AHFS_monograph-54" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[54]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nicotrol_60-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Nicotrol-60" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[60]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">All (nonspecific)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Peripheral <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasoconstriction" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vasoconstriction">vasoconstriction</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachycardia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tachycardia">tachycardia</a> (i.e., fast heart rate), elevated <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_pressure" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a>, and increased <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alertness" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Alertness">alertness</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#Enhancing_performance" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">cognitive performance</a>.</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nicotine_AHFS_monograph_54-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Nicotine_AHFS_monograph-54" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[54]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nicotrol_NS_59-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Nicotrol_NS-59" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[59]</a></sup></td></tr>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Sleep">Sleep</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicotine&action=edit&section=8" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Sleep">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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Possible <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_effect" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Side effect">side effects</a> of nicotine.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-61" style="font-size: 9.89632px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-61" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[61]</a></sup></div>
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Nicotine reduces the amount of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_eye_movement_sleep" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rapid eye movement sleep">rapid eye movement</a> (REM) sleep, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow-wave_sleep" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Slow-wave sleep">slow-wave sleep</a> (SWS), and total sleep time in healthy nonsmokers given nicotine via a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transdermal_patch" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Transdermal patch">transdermal patch</a>, and the reduction is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dose%E2%80%93response_relationship" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dose–response relationship">dose-dependent</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-GarciaSalloum2015_62-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-GarciaSalloum2015-62" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[62]</a></sup> Acute nicotine intoxication has been found to significantly reduce total sleep time and increase REM latency, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_onset_latency" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sleep onset latency">sleep onset latency</a>, and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NREM#Stages_of_NREM_sleep" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="NREM">non-rapid eye movement</a> (NREM) stage 2 sleep time.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-GarciaSalloum2015_62-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-GarciaSalloum2015-62" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[62]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Neuropharmacology_review_63-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Neuropharmacology_review-63" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[63]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Cardiovascular_system">Cardiovascular system</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicotine&action=edit&section=9" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Cardiovascular system">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Cancer" style="font-size: 1.2em;"><br />Cancer</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicotine&action=edit&section=10" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Cancer">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span><br />
A 2018 <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochrane_review" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cochrane review">Cochrane review</a> found that, in rare cases, nicotine replacement therapy can cause non-<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischemic" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ischemic">ischemic</a> chest pain (i.e., chest pain that is unrelated to a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Myocardial infarction">myocardial infarction</a>) and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_palpitation" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Heart palpitation">heart palpitations</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Cochrane_NRT_2018_33-8" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Cochrane_NRT_2018-33" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[33]</a></sup> The same review indicated that nicotine replacement therapy does not increase the incidence of serious cardiac adverse events (i.e., myocardial infarction, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stroke">stroke</a>, and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_death" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cardiac death">cardiac death</a>) relative to controls.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Cochrane_NRT_2018_33-9" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Cochrane_NRT_2018-33" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[33]</a></sup></div>
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<span style="font-size: 0.875em;">Low levels of nicotine stimulate cell proliferation, while high levels are cytotoxic.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SannerGrimsrud2015_66-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-SannerGrimsrud2015-66" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[66]</a></sup><span style="font-size: 0.875em;"> Nicotine increases </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; font-size: 0.875em;" title="Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor">cholinergic</a><span style="font-size: 0.875em;"> signaling and </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenergic_receptor" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; font-size: 0.875em;" title="Adrenergic receptor">adrenergic</a><span style="font-size: 0.875em;"> signaling in colon cancer cells,</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-67" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-67" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[67]</a></sup><span style="font-size: 0.875em;"> thereby impeding apoptosis (</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmed_cell_death" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; font-size: 0.875em;" title="Programmed cell death">programmed cell death</a><span style="font-size: 0.875em;">), promoting tumor growth, and activating </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_factors" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; font-size: 0.875em;" title="Growth factors">growth factors</a><span style="font-size: 0.875em;"> and cellular </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitogenic" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; font-size: 0.875em;" title="Mitogenic">mitogenic</a><span style="font-size: 0.875em;"> factors such as </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-lipoxygenase" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; font-size: 0.875em;" title="5-lipoxygenase">5-lipoxygenase</a><span style="font-size: 0.875em;"> (5-LOX), and </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidermal_growth_factor" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; font-size: 0.875em;" title="Epidermal growth factor">epidermal growth factor</a><span style="font-size: 0.875em;"> (EGF). Nicotine also promotes cancer growth by stimulating </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiogenesis" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; font-size: 0.875em;" title="Angiogenesis">angiogenesis</a><span style="font-size: 0.875em;"> and </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neovascularization" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; font-size: 0.875em;" title="Neovascularization">neovascularization</a><span style="font-size: 0.875em;">.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-68" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-68" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[68]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-69" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-69" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[69]</a></sup><span style="font-size: 0.875em;"> In cancer cells, nicotine promotes the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithelial%E2%80%93mesenchymal_transition" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; font-size: 0.875em;" title="Epithelial–mesenchymal transition">epithelial–mesenchymal transition</a><span style="font-size: 0.875em;"> which makes the cancer cells more resistant to drugs that treat cancer.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-70" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-70" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[70]</a></sup>Although nicotine does not cause cancer in humans,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-IARC_Cancer_Statement_29-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-IARC_Cancer_Statement-29" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[29]</a></sup> it is unclear whether it functions as a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor_promoter" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tumor promoter">tumor promoter</a> as of 2012.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-64" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-64" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[64]</a></sup> A 2018 report by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine</a>concludes, “[w]hile it is biologically plausible that nicotine can act as a tumor promoter, the existing body of evidence indicates this is unlikely to translate into increased risk of human cancer.”<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-65" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-65" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[65]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Fetal_development_and_breastfeeding">Fetal development and breastfeeding</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicotine&action=edit&section=11" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Fetal development and breastfeeding">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: 0.875em;">Some evidence suggests that </span><i style="font-size: 0.875em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_utero" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="In utero">in utero</a></i><span style="font-size: 0.875em;"> nicotine exposure influences the occurrence of certain conditions later in life, including </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_2_diabetes" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; font-size: 0.875em;" title="Type 2 diabetes">type 2 diabetes</a><span style="font-size: 0.875em;">, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; font-size: 0.875em;" title="Obesity">obesity</a><span style="font-size: 0.875em;">, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertension" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; font-size: 0.875em;" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a><span style="font-size: 0.875em;">, neurobehavioral defects, respiratory dysfunction, and </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infertility" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; font-size: 0.875em;" title="Infertility">infertility</a><span style="font-size: 0.875em;">.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Schraufnage2014_26-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Schraufnage2014-26" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup>Nicotine has been shown to produce birth defects in some animal species, but not others;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TOXNET_Nicotine_entry_30-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-TOXNET_Nicotine_entry-30" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[30]</a></sup> consequently, it is considered to be a possible <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teratogen" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Teratogen">teratogen</a> in humans.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TOXNET_Nicotine_entry_30-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-TOXNET_Nicotine_entry-30" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[30]</a></sup> In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_studies" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Animal studies">animal studies</a> that resulted in birth defects, researchers found that nicotine negatively affects fetal <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_development" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Brain development">brain development</a> and pregnancy outcomes;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TOXNET_Nicotine_entry_30-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-TOXNET_Nicotine_entry-30" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[30]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SGUS2014_32-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-SGUS2014-32" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[32]</a></sup> the negative effects on early brain development are associated with abnormalities in <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_metabolism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Brain metabolism">brain metabolism</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitter_system" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Neurotransmitter system">neurotransmitter system</a> function.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-71" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-71" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[71]</a></sup> Nicotine crosses the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placenta" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Placenta">placenta</a> and is found in the breast milk of mothers who smoke as well as mothers who inhale <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_smoke" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Passive smoke">passive smoke</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Chapman2015_72-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Chapman2015-72" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[72]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Overdose">Overdose</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicotine&action=edit&section=12" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Overdose">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine_poisoning" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nicotine poisoning">Nicotine poisoning</a></div>
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It is unlikely that a person would overdose on nicotine through smoking alone. The US <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) stated in 2013 that there are no significant safety concerns associated with the use of more than one form of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over-the-counter_drug" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Over-the-counter drug">over-the-counter</a> (OTC) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine_replacement_therapy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nicotine replacement therapy">nicotine replacement therapy</a> at the same time, or using OTC NRT at the same time as another nicotine-containing product, like cigarettes.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FDANRTLabels_73-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-FDANRTLabels-73" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[73]</a></sup> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_lethal_dose" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Median lethal dose">median lethal dose</a> of nicotine in humans is unknown.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ECHA_nicotine_monograph_31-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-ECHA_nicotine_monograph-31" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[31]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MayerNewLethalDose2013_19-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-MayerNewLethalDose2013-19" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup> Nevertheless, nicotine has a relatively high <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicity" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Toxicity">toxicity</a> in comparison to many other alkaloids such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caffeine" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Caffeine">caffeine</a>, which has an LD<sub style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">50</sub> of 127 mg/kg when administered to mice.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-74" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-74" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[74]</a></sup> At sufficiently high doses, it is associated with nicotine poisoning,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SGUS2014_32-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-SGUS2014-32" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[32]</a></sup> which, while common in children, rarely results in significant morbidity or death.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TOXNET_Nicotine_entry_30-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-TOXNET_Nicotine_entry-30" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[30]</a></sup></div>
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The initial symptoms of a nicotine overdose typically include <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nausea" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nausea">nausea</a>, vomiting, diarrhea, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersalivation" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hypersalivation">hypersalivation</a>, abdominal pain, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachycardia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tachycardia">tachycardia</a> (rapid heart rate), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertension" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a> (high blood pressure), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachypnea" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tachypnea">tachypnea</a> (rapid breathing), headache, dizziness, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallor" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pallor">pallor</a> (pale skin), auditory or visual disturbances, and perspiration, followed shortly after by marked <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradycardia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bradycardia">bradycardia</a> (slow heart rate), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradypnea" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bradypnea">bradypnea</a> (slow breathing), and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypotension" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hypotension">hypotension</a> (low blood pressure).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TOXNET_Nicotine_entry_30-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-TOXNET_Nicotine_entry-30" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[30]</a></sup> Respiratory stimulation (i.e., tachypnea) is one of the primary <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_sign" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Medical sign">signs</a> of nicotine poisoning.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TOXNET_Nicotine_entry_30-7" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-TOXNET_Nicotine_entry-30" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[30]</a></sup> At sufficiently high doses, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somnolence" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Somnolence">somnolence</a> (sleepiness or drowsiness), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confusion" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Confusion">confusion</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncope_(medicine)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Syncope (medicine)">syncope</a> (loss of consciousness from fainting), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortness_of_breath" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Shortness of breath">shortness of breath</a>, marked <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakness_(medical)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Weakness (medical)">weakness</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizure" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Seizure">seizures</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coma" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Coma">coma</a> may occur.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-inchem_5-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-inchem-5" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TOXNET_Nicotine_entry_30-8" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-TOXNET_Nicotine_entry-30" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[30]</a></sup> Lethal nicotine poisoning rapidly produces seizures, and death – which may occur within minutes – is believed to be due to <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_paralysis" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Respiratory paralysis">respiratory paralysis</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TOXNET_Nicotine_entry_30-9" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-TOXNET_Nicotine_entry-30" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[30]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Reinforcement_disorders">Reinforcement disorders<span id="Dependence_and_withdrawal"></span></span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicotine&action=edit&section=13" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Reinforcement disorders">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine_withdrawal" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nicotine withdrawal">Nicotine withdrawal</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking_cessation" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Smoking cessation">Smoking cessation</a></div>
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ΔFosB accumulation from excessive drug use</div>
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<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%CE%94FosB_accumulation.svg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="commons:File:ΔFosB accumulation.svg"><img alt="ΔFosB accumulation graph" data-file-height="440" data-file-width="400" decoding="async" height="440" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/%CE%94FosB_accumulation.svg/400px-%CE%94FosB_accumulation.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/%CE%94FosB_accumulation.svg/600px-%CE%94FosB_accumulation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/%CE%94FosB_accumulation.svg/800px-%CE%94FosB_accumulation.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="400" /></a></div>
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Top: this depicts the initial effects of high dose exposure to an addictive drug on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_expression" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gene expression">gene expression</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleus_accumbens" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nucleus accumbens">nucleus accumbens</a> for various Fos family proteins (i.e., <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-Fos" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="C-Fos">c-Fos</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FosB" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="FosB">FosB</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94FosB" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ΔFosB">ΔFosB</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fra1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fra1">Fra1</a>, and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fra2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fra2">Fra2</a>).<br />
Bottom: this illustrates the progressive increase in ΔFosB expression in the nucleus accumbens following repeated twice daily drug binges, where these <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorylated" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Phosphorylated">phosphorylated</a> (35–37 <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilodalton" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kilodalton">kilodalton</a>) ΔFosB <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoform" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Isoform">isoforms</a>persist in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D1-type" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="D1-type">D1-type</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_spiny_neurons" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Medium spiny neurons">medium spiny neurons</a> of the nucleus accumbens for up to 2 months.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid11572966_75-0" style="font-size: 9.89632px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-pmid11572966-75" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[75]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nestler2_76-0" style="font-size: 9.89632px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Nestler2-76" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[76]</a></sup></div>
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Nicotine is highly <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addictive" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Addictive">addictive</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Grana2014_15-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Grana2014-15" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Holbrook2016_16-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Holbrook2016-16" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Siqueira2016_17-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Siqueira2016-17" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine_dependence" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nicotine dependence">Nicotine dependence</a> involves aspects of both <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_dependence" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Psychological dependence">psychological dependence</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_dependence" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Physical dependence">physical dependence</a>, since discontinuation of extended use has been shown to produce both <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affect_(psychology)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Affect (psychology)">affective</a> (e.g., anxiety, irritability, craving, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhedonia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Anhedonia">anhedonia</a>) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic_nervous_system" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Somatic nervous system">somatic</a> (mild motor dysfunctions such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremor" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tremor">tremor</a>) withdrawal symptoms.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Dependence-withdrawal_1-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Dependence-withdrawal-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup> Withdrawal symptoms peak in one to three days<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-DasProchaska2017_77-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-DasProchaska2017-77" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[77]</a></sup> and can persist for several weeks.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-HKS2010_78-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-HKS2010-78" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[78]</a></sup> Some people experience symptoms for 6 months or longer.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BaraonaLovelace2017_79-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-BaraonaLovelace2017-79" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[79]</a></sup></div>
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Normal between-cigarettes discontinuation, in unrestricted smokers, causes mild but measurable nicotine withdrawal symptoms.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Parrott2003_80-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Parrott2003-80" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[80]</a></sup> These include mildly worse mood, stress, anxiety, cognition, and sleep, all of which briefly return to normal with the next cigarette.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Parrott2003_80-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Parrott2003-80" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[80]</a></sup> Smokers have worse mood than they would have if they were not nicotine-dependent; they experience normal moods only immediately after smoking.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Parrott2003_normquote_25-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Parrott2003_normquote-25" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[25]</a></sup> Nicotine dependence is associated with poor sleep quality and shorter sleep duration among smokers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-81" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-81" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[81]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-82" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-82" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[82]</a></sup></div>
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In dependent smokers, withdrawal causes impairments in memory and attention, and smoking during withdrawal returns these cognitive abilities to pre-withdrawal levels.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bruijnzeel2012_83-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Bruijnzeel2012-83" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[83]</a></sup> The temporarily increased cognitive levels of smokers after inhaling smoke are offset by periods of cognitive decline during nicotine withdrawal.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Parrott2003_80-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Parrott2003-80" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[80]</a></sup> Therefore, the overall daily cognitive levels of smokers and non-smokers are roughly similar.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Parrott2003_80-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Parrott2003-80" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[80]</a></sup></div>
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Nicotine activates the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesolimbic_pathway" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mesolimbic pathway">mesolimbic pathway</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inducible_gene" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Inducible gene">induces</a> long-term <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94FosB" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ΔFosB">ΔFosB</a> expression (i.e., produces <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorylated" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Phosphorylated">phosphorylated</a> ΔFosB <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoform" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Isoform">isoforms</a>) in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleus_accumbens" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nucleus accumbens">nucleus accumbens</a> when inhaled or injected frequently or at high doses, but not necessarily when ingested.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nestler_2013Rev_84-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Nestler_2013Rev-84" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[84]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Addiction_molecular_neurobiology_85-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Addiction_molecular_neurobiology-85" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[85]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RouteDFosB_Primary_86-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-RouteDFosB_Primary-86" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[86]</a></sup> Consequently, high daily exposure (possibly excluding <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_route" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Oral route">oral route</a>) to nicotine can cause ΔFosB overexpression in the nucleus accumbens, resulting in nicotine addiction.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nestler_2013Rev_84-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Nestler_2013Rev-84" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[84]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Addiction_molecular_neurobiology_85-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Addiction_molecular_neurobiology-85" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[85]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Toxicity">Toxicity</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicotine&action=edit&section=14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Toxicity">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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Today nicotine is less commonly used in agricultural <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecticide" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Insecticide">insecticides</a>, which was a main source of poisoning. More recent cases of poisoning typically appear to be in the form of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Tobacco_Sickness" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Green Tobacco Sickness">Green Tobacco Sickness</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TOXNET_Nicotine_entry_30-10" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-TOXNET_Nicotine_entry-30" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[30]</a></sup>accidental ingestion of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_products" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tobacco products">tobacco products</a>, or ingestion of nicotine-containing plants.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Schep_87-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Schep-87" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[87]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Smolinske_88-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Smolinske-88" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[88]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Furer_89-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Furer-89" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[89]</a></sup> People who harvest or cultivate tobacco may experience Green Tobacco Sickness (GTS), a type of nicotine poisoning caused by dermal exposure to wet tobacco leaves. This occurs most commonly in young, inexperienced tobacco harvesters who do not consume tobacco.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Schep_87-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Schep-87" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[87]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-90" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-90" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[90]</a></sup> People can be exposed to nicotine in the workplace by breathing it in, skin absorption, swallowing it, or eye contact. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a> (OSHA) has set the legal limit (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permissible_exposure_limit" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Permissible exposure limit">permissible exposure limit</a>) for nicotine exposure in the workplace as 0.5 mg/m<sup style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">3</sup> skin exposure over an 8-hour workday. The US <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH) has set a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recommended_exposure_limit" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Recommended exposure limit">recommended exposure limit</a> (REL) of 0.5 mg/m<sup style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">3</sup> skin exposure over an 8-hour workday. At environmental levels of 5 mg/m<sup style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">3</sup>, nicotine is <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDLH" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="IDLH">immediately dangerous to life and health</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-91" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-91" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[91]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Drug_interactions">Drug interactions</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicotine&action=edit&section=15" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Drug interactions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Pharmacodynamic">Pharmacodynamic</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicotine&action=edit&section=16" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Pharmacodynamic">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Potential interaction with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathomimetic_drug" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sympathomimetic drug">sympathomimetic drugs</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenergic_agonist" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Adrenergic agonist">adrenergic agonists</a>) and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympatholytic_drug" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sympatholytic drug">sympatholytic drugs</a> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-blocker" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Alpha-blocker">alpha-blockers</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-blockers" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Beta-blockers">beta-blockers</a>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nicotine_AHFS_monograph_54-8" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Nicotine_AHFS_monograph-54" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[54]</a></sup></li>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Pharmacokinetic">Pharmacokinetic</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicotine&action=edit&section=17" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Pharmacokinetic">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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Nicotine and cigarette smoke both <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inducible_gene" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Inducible gene">induce</a> the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_expression" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gene expression">expression</a> of liver enzymes (e.g., certain <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome_P450" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cytochrome P450">cytochrome P450</a> proteins) which metabolize drugs, leading to the potential for alterations in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_metabolism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Drug metabolism">drug metabolism</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nicotine_AHFS_monograph_54-9" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Nicotine_AHFS_monograph-54" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[54]</a></sup></div>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Smoking cessation</i> may decrease the metabolism of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetaminophen" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Acetaminophen">acetaminophen</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-blockers" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Beta-blockers">beta-blockers</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caffeine" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Caffeine">caffeine</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxazepam" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Oxazepam">oxazepam</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentazocine" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pentazocine">pentazocine</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propoxyphene" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Propoxyphene">propoxyphene</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophylline" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Theophylline">theophylline</a>, and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressants" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tricyclic antidepressants">tricyclic antidepressants</a>, leading to higher <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_plasma" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Blood plasma">plasma</a> concentrations of these drugs.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nicotine_AHFS_monograph_54-10" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Nicotine_AHFS_monograph-54" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[54]</a></sup></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Possible alteration of nicotine <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_absorption" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Drug absorption">absorption</a> through the skin from the transdermal nicotine patch by drugs that cause <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasodilation" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vasodilation">vasodilation</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasoconstriction" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vasoconstriction">vasoconstriction</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nicotine_AHFS_monograph_54-11" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Nicotine_AHFS_monograph-54" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[54]</a></sup></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Possible alteration of nicotine absorption through the nasal cavity from the nicotine nasal spray by nasal vasoconstrictors (e.g., <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylometazoline" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Xylometazoline">xylometazoline</a>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nicotine_AHFS_monograph_54-12" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Nicotine_AHFS_monograph-54" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[54]</a></sup></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Possible alteration of nicotine absorption through <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_mucosa" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Oral mucosa">oral mucosa</a> from nicotine gum and lozenges by food and drink that modify <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saliva" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Saliva">salivary</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PH">pH</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nicotine_AHFS_monograph_54-13" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Nicotine_AHFS_monograph-54" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[54]</a></sup></li>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicotine&action=edit&section=18" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Pharmacology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Pharmacodynamics">Pharmacodynamics</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicotine&action=edit&section=19" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Pharmacodynamics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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Nicotine acts as a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_agonist" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Receptor agonist">receptor agonist</a> at most <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor">nicotinic acetylcholine receptors</a> (nAChRs),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-IUPHAR_8-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-IUPHAR-8" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MalenkaNicotine_9-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-MalenkaNicotine-9" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup> except at two <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinic_receptor_subunits" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nicotinic receptor subunits">nicotinic receptor subunits</a> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAChR%CE%B19" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="NAChRα9">nAChRα9</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAChR%CE%B110" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="NAChRα10">nAChRα10</a>) where it acts as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Receptor antagonist">receptor antagonist</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-IUPHAR_8-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-IUPHAR-8" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Central_nervous_system">Central nervous system</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicotine&action=edit&section=20" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Central nervous system">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h4>
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Effect of nicotine on dopaminergic neurons.</div>
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By binding to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor">nicotinic acetylcholine receptors</a> in the brain, nicotine elicits its psychoactive effects and increases the levels of several <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitter" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitters</a> in various brain structures – acting as a sort of "volume control."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Pomerleau1984_92-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Pomerleau1984-92" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[92]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-93" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-93" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[93]</a></sup> Nicotine has a higher affinity for nicotinic receptors in the brain than those in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletal_muscle" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Skeletal muscle">skeletal muscle</a>, though at toxic doses it can induce contractions and respiratory paralysis.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-94" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-94" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[94]</a></sup> Nicotine's selectivity is thought to be due to a particular amino acid difference on these receptor subtypes.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid19252481_95-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-pmid19252481-95" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[95]</a></sup> Nicotine is unusual in comparison to most drugs, as its profile changes from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulant" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stimulant">stimulant</a> to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedative" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sedative">sedative</a> with increasing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dose_(biochemistry)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dose (biochemistry)">dosages</a>, a phenomenon known as "Nesbitt's paradox" after the doctor who first described it in 1969.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-96" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-96" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[96]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Parrott1998_97-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Parrott1998-97" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[97]</a></sup> At very high doses it dampens <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuronal_activity" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Neuronal activity">neuronal activity</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wadgave2016_98-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Wadgave2016-98" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[98]</a></sup> Nicotine induces both behavioral stimulation and anxiety in animals.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-inchem_5-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-inchem-5" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup> Research into nicotine's most predominant metabolite, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotinine" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cotinine">cotinine</a>, suggests that some of nicotine's psychoactive effects are mediated by cotinine.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-99" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-99" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[99]</a></sup></div>
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Nicotine activates nicotinic receptors (particularly <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%914%CE%B22_nicotinic_receptor" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Α4β2 nicotinic receptor">α4β2 nicotinic receptors</a>) on neurons that innervate the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_tegmental_area" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ventral tegmental area">ventral tegmental area</a> and within the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesolimbic_pathway" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mesolimbic pathway">mesolimbic pathway</a> where it appears to cause the release of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nicotine_reinforcement_and_euphoria_100-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Nicotine_reinforcement_and_euphoria-100" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[100]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Cholinergic-dopaminergic_reward_link_101-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Cholinergic-dopaminergic_reward_link-101" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[101]</a></sup> This nicotine-induced dopamine release occurs at least partially through activation of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholinergic%E2%80%93dopaminergic_reward_link" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cholinergic–dopaminergic reward link">cholinergic–dopaminergic reward link</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_tegmental_area" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ventral tegmental area">ventral tegmental area</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Cholinergic-dopaminergic_reward_link_101-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Cholinergic-dopaminergic_reward_link-101" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[101]</a></sup> Nicotine also appears to induce the release of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endogenous_opioid" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Endogenous opioid">endogenous opioids</a> that activate opioid pathways in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reward_system" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Reward system">reward system</a>, since <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naltrexone" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Naltrexone">naltrexone</a> – an <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid_receptor_antagonist" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Opioid receptor antagonist">opioid receptor antagonist</a> – blocks nicotine <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-administration" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Self-administration">self-administration</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nicotine_reinforcement_and_euphoria_100-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Nicotine_reinforcement_and_euphoria-100" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[100]</a></sup> These actions are largely responsible for the strongly reinforcing effects of nicotine, which often occur in the absence of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphoria" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Euphoria">euphoria</a>;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nicotine_reinforcement_and_euphoria_100-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Nicotine_reinforcement_and_euphoria-100" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[100]</a></sup> however, mild euphoria from nicotine use can occur in some individuals.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nicotine_reinforcement_and_euphoria_100-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Nicotine_reinforcement_and_euphoria-100" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[100]</a></sup> Chronic nicotine use inhibits class I and II <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_deacetylases" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Histone deacetylases">histone deacetylases</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striatum" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Striatum">striatum</a>, where this effect plays a role in nicotine addiction.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-102" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-102" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[102]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-103" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-103" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[103]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Sympathetic_nervous_system">Sympathetic nervous system</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicotine&action=edit&section=21" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Sympathetic nervous system">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h4>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NicotineChromaffinCells_WP1603.png" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="501" data-file-width="780" decoding="async" height="193" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/NicotineChromaffinCells_WP1603.png/300px-NicotineChromaffinCells_WP1603.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/NicotineChromaffinCells_WP1603.png/450px-NicotineChromaffinCells_WP1603.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/NicotineChromaffinCells_WP1603.png/600px-NicotineChromaffinCells_WP1603.png 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="300" /></a><br />
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Effect of nicotine on chromaffin cells.</div>
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Nicotine also activates the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_system" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sympathetic nervous system">sympathetic nervous system</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-104" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-104" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[104]</a></sup> acting via <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splanchnic_nerves" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Splanchnic nerves">splanchnic nerves</a> to the adrenal medulla, stimulating the release of epinephrine. Acetylcholine released by preganglionic sympathetic fibers of these nerves acts on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, causing the release of epinephrine (and norepinephrine) into the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodstream" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bloodstream">bloodstream</a>.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Adrenal_medulla">Adrenal medulla</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicotine&action=edit&section=22" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Adrenal medulla">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h4>
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By binding to <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganglion_type_nicotinic_receptor" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ganglion type nicotinic receptor">ganglion type nicotinic receptors</a> in the adrenal medulla, nicotine increases flow of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenaline" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Adrenaline">adrenaline</a> (epinephrine), a stimulating <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hormone">hormone</a> and neurotransmitter. By binding to the receptors, it causes cell depolarization and an influx of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Calcium">calcium</a> through voltage-gated calcium channels. Calcium triggers the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exocytosis" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Exocytosis">exocytosis</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromaffin_cell" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chromaffin cell">chromaffin granules</a> and thus the release of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epinephrine" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Epinephrine">epinephrine</a> (and norepinephrine) into the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodstream" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bloodstream">bloodstream</a>. The release of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epinephrine" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Epinephrine">epinephrine</a> (adrenaline) causes an increase in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_rate" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Heart rate">heart rate</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_pressure" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathing" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Breathing">respiration</a>, as well as higher <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_glucose" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Blood glucose">blood glucose</a> levels.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Marieb_105-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Marieb-105" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[105]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetics</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicotine&action=edit&section=23" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Pharmacokinetics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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Urinary metabolites of nicotine, quantified as average percentage of total urinary nicotine.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-106" style="font-size: 9.89632px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-106" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[106]</a></sup></div>
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As nicotine enters the body, it is distributed quickly through the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Blood">bloodstream</a> and crosses the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood%E2%80%93brain_barrier" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Blood–brain barrier">blood–brain barrier</a> reaching the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_brain" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Human brain">brain</a> within 10–20 seconds after inhalation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid12971663_107-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-pmid12971663-107" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[107]</a></sup> The <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elimination_half-life" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Elimination half-life">elimination half-life</a> of nicotine in the body is around two hours.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid7077531_108-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-pmid7077531-108" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[108]</a></sup> Nicotine is primarily <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excretion" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Excretion">excreted</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Urine">urine</a> and urinary concentrations vary depending upon <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_flow_rate" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Urine flow rate">urine flow rate</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_pH" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Urine pH">urine pH</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-inchem_5-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-inchem-5" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup></div>
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The amount of nicotine absorbed by the body from smoking can depend on many factors, including the types of tobacco, whether the smoke is inhaled, and whether a filter is used. However, it has been found that the nicotine yield of individual products has only a small effect (4.4%) on the blood concentration of nicotine,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-109" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-109" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[109]</a></sup> suggesting "the assumed health advantage of switching to lower-tar and lower-nicotine cigarettes may be largely offset by the tendency of smokers to compensate by increasing inhalation".</div>
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Nicotine has a half-life of 1–2 hours. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotinine" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cotinine">Cotinine</a> is an active metabolite of nicotine that remains in the blood with a half-life of 18–20 hours, making it easier to analyze.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-110" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-110" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[110]</a></sup></div>
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Nicotine is <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolized" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Metabolized">metabolized</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Liver">liver</a> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome_P450" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cytochrome P450">cytochrome P450</a> enzymes (mostly <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP2A6" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="CYP2A6">CYP2A6</a>, and also by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP2B6" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="CYP2B6">CYP2B6</a>) and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FMO3" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="FMO3">FMO3</a>, which selectively metabolizes (<i>S</i>)-nicotine. A major metabolite is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotinine" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cotinine">cotinine</a>. Other primary metabolites include nicotine <i>N'</i>-oxide, nornicotine, nicotine isomethonium ion, 2-hydroxynicotine and nicotine glucuronide.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid15734728_111-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-pmid15734728-111" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[111]</a></sup> Under some conditions, other substances may be formed such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myosmine" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Myosmine">myosmine</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Petrick_2011_112-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Petrick_2011-112" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[112]</a></sup></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucuronidation" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Glucuronidation">Glucuronidation</a> and oxidative metabolism of nicotine to cotinine are both inhibited by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menthol" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Menthol">menthol</a>, an additive to <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menthol_cigarettes" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Menthol cigarettes">mentholated cigarettes</a>, thus increasing the half-life of nicotine <i>in vivo</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-113" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-113" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[113]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Chemistry">Chemistry</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicotine&action=edit&section=24" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Chemistry">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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<tr><th colspan="2" style="background: rgb(255, 203, 102); font-size: 12.0736px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFPA_704" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="NFPA 704">NFPA 704</a><br />
<i>fire diamond</i></th></tr>
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<map name="ImageMap_1_539278792"><area alt="Flammability code 1: Must be pre-heated before ignition can occur. Flash point over 93 °C (200 °F). E.g., canola oil" coords="40,0,60,20,40,40,20,20" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" shape="poly" title="Flammability code 1: Must be pre-heated before ignition can occur. Flash point over 93 °C (200 °F). E.g., canola oil"></area><area alt="Health code 4: Very short exposure could cause death or major residual injury. E.g., VX gas" coords="20,20,40,40,20,60,0,40" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" shape="poly" title="Health code 4: Very short exposure could cause death or major residual injury. E.g., VX gas"></area><area alt="Reactivity code 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g., liquid nitrogen" coords="60,20,80,40,60,60,40,40" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" shape="poly" title="Reactivity code 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g., liquid nitrogen"></area><area alt="Special hazards (white): no code" coords="40,40,60,60,40,80,20,60" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFPA_704#White" shape="poly" title="Special hazards (white): no code"></area></map><img alt="NFPA 704 four-colored diamond" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="600" decoding="async" height="80" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/120px-NFPA_704.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/160px-NFPA_704.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" usemap="#ImageMap_1_539278792" width="80" /></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none !important;" title="NFPA 704"><span style="color: black;" title="Flammability code 1: Must be pre-heated before ignition can occur. Flash point over 93 °C (200 °F). E.g., canola oil">1</span></a></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none !important;" title="NFPA 704"><span style="color: black;" title="Health code 4: Very short exposure could cause death or major residual injury. E.g., VX gas">4</span></a></div>
<div style="left: 54px; position: absolute; top: 31px; width: 13px;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none !important;" title="NFPA 704"><span style="color: black;" title="Reactivity code 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g., liquid nitrogen">0</span></a></div>
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The fire diamond hazard sign for nicotine.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-114" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-114" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[114]</a></sup></div>
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Nicotine is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygroscopy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hygroscopy">hygroscopic</a>, colorless to yellow-brown, oily liquid, that is readily soluble in alcohol, ether or light petroleum. It is <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscible" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Miscible">miscible</a> with <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_(molecule)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Water (molecule)">water</a> in its <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Base (chemistry)">base</a> form between 60 °C and 210 °C. As a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogenous_base" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nitrogenous base">nitrogenous base</a>, nicotine forms <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Salt (chemistry)">salts</a> with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Acid">acids</a> that are usually solid and water-soluble. Its <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_point" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Flash point">flash point</a> is 95 °C and its auto-ignition temperature is 244 °C.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SLMSDS_115-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-SLMSDS-115" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[115]</a></sup> Nicotine is readily volatile (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor_pressure" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vapor pressure">vapor pressure</a> 5.5 ㎩ at 25 ℃) and dibasic (K<sub style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">b1</sub>=1×10⁻⁶, K<sub style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">b2</sub>=1×10⁻¹¹).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-metcalf_116-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-metcalf-116" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[116]</a></sup> On exposure to ultraviolet light or various oxidizing agents, nicotine is converted to nicotine oxide, nicotinic acid (vitamin B3), and methylamine.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-library.sciencemadness.org_117-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-library.sciencemadness.org-117" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[117]</a></sup></div>
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Nicotine is <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optically_active" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Optically active">optically active</a>, having two <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enantiomer" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Enantiomer">enantiomeric</a> forms. The naturally occurring form of nicotine is <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levorotatory" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Levorotatory">levorotatory</a> with a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_rotation" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Specific rotation">specific rotation</a> of [α]<sub style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">D</sub>=–166.4° ((−)-nicotine). The <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dextrorotatory" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dextrorotatory">dextrorotatory</a> form, (+)-nicotine is physiologically less active than (−)-nicotine. (−)-nicotine is more toxic than (+)-nicotine.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-118" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-118" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[118]</a></sup> The salts of (+)-nicotine are usually dextrorotatory. The hydrochloride and sulphate salts become optically inactive if heated in a closed vessel above 180 °C.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-library.sciencemadness.org_117-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-library.sciencemadness.org-117" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[117]</a></sup></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabasine" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Anabasine">Anabasine</a> is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_isomer" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Structural isomer">structural isomer</a> of nicotine, as both compounds have the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_formula" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Molecular formula">molecular formula</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Carbon">C</a><sub style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">10</sub><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hydrogen">H</a><sub style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">14</sub><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nitrogen">N</a><sub style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">2</sub><sub style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;"></sub><sub style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;"></sub><sub style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;"></sub><sub style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;"></sub><sub style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;"></sub><sub style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;"></sub><sub style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;"></sub><sub style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;"></sub><sub style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;"></sub><sub style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;"></sub><sub style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;"></sub><sub style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;"></sub><sub style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;"></sub><sub style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;"></sub><sub style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;"></sub><sub style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;"></sub><sub style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;"></sub>.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Occurrence">Occurrence</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicotine&action=edit&section=25" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Occurrence">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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Nicotine is a natural product of tobacco, occurring in the leaves of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotiana_tabacum" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nicotiana tabacum">Nicotiana tabacum</a></i> in a range of 0.5 to 7.5% depending on variety.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-119" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-119" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[119]</a></sup> Nicotine is also found in the leaves of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotiana_rustica" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nicotiana rustica">Nicotiana rustica</a></i>, in amounts of 2–14%; in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duboisia_hopwoodii" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Duboisia hopwoodii">Duboisia hopwoodii</a></i>; and in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asclepias_syriaca" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Asclepias syriaca">Asclepias syriaca</a></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-metcalf_116-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-metcalf-116" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[116]</a></sup></div>
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Nicotine also naturally occurs in smaller amounts (varying from 2–7 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microgram" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Microgram">µg</a>/<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogram" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kilogram">kg</a>, or 20–70 millionths of a percent wet weight<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SiegmundLeitner1999_12-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-SiegmundLeitner1999-12" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup>) in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solanaceae" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Solanaceae">Solanaceaein</a> plants from the family <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solanaceae" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Solanaceae">Solanaceae</a> (such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Potato">potatoes</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tomato">tomatoes</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggplant" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eggplant">eggplant</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsicum" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Capsicum">peppers</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SiegmundLeitner1999_12-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-SiegmundLeitner1999-12" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Domino1993_120-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Domino1993-120" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[120]</a></sup></div>
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The amounts of nicotine of tomato varieties lowered substantially as the fruits ripened.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SiegmundLeitner1999_12-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-SiegmundLeitner1999-12" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup> Nicotine content in tea leaves is greatly inconsistent and in some cases considerably greater than in the Solanaceae fruits.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SiegmundLeitner1999_12-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-SiegmundLeitner1999-12" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup> A 1999 report found "In some papers it is suggested that the contribution of dietary nicotine intake is significant when compared with exposure to ETS [environmental tobacco smoke] or by active smoking of small numbers of cigarettes. Others consider the dietary intake to be negligible unless inordinately large amounts of specific vegetables are consumed."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SiegmundLeitner1999_12-7" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-SiegmundLeitner1999-12" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup> The amount of nicotine eaten per day is roughly around 1.4 and 2.25 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microgram" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Microgram">µg</a>/day at the 95th percentile.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SiegmundLeitner1999_12-8" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-SiegmundLeitner1999-12" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup> These numbers may be low due to insufficient food intake data.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SiegmundLeitner1999_12-9" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-SiegmundLeitner1999-12" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup> Since the amounts of nicotine from the Solanum family including potato, tomato, eggplant, and from the Capsicum family vary in the parts per billion, they are tough to measure.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MoldoveanuScott2016_121-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-MoldoveanuScott2016-121" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[121]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Biosynthesis">Biosynthesis</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicotine&action=edit&section=26" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Biosynthesis">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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Nicotine biosynthesis</div>
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The biosynthetic pathway of nicotine involves a coupling reaction between the two cyclic structures that compose nicotine. Metabolic studies show that the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyridine" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pyridine">pyridine</a> ring of nicotine is derived from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niacin" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Niacin">niacin</a> (nicotinic acid) while the pyrrolidone is derived from <i>N</i>-methyl-Δ<sup style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">1</sup>-pyrrollidium cation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-122" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-122" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[122]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-123" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-123" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[123]</a></sup> Biosynthesis of the two component structures proceeds via two independent syntheses, the NAD pathway for niacin and the tropane pathway for <i>N</i>-methyl-Δ<sup style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">1</sup>-pyrrollidium cation.</div>
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The NAD pathway in the genus <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotiana" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nicotiana">Nicotiana</a></i> begins with the oxidation of aspartic acid into α-imino succinate by aspartate oxidase (AO). This is followed by a condensation with <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate">glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate</a> and a cyclization catalyzed by quinolinate synthase (QS) to give <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinolinic_acid" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Quinolinic acid">quinolinic acid</a>. Quinolinic acid then reacts with phosphoriboxyl pyrophosphate catalyzed by quinolinic acid phosphoribosyl transferase (QPT) to form niacin mononucleotide (NaMN). The reaction now proceeds via the NAD salvage cycle to produce niacin via the conversion of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinamide" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nicotinamide">nicotinamide</a> by the enzyme <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinamidase" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nicotinamidase">nicotinamidase</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div>
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The <i>N</i>-methyl-Δ<sup style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">1</sup>-pyrrollidium cation used in the synthesis of nicotine is an intermediate in the synthesis of tropane-derived alkaloids. Biosynthesis begins with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decarboxylation" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Decarboxylation">decarboxylation</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithine" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ornithine">ornithine</a> by ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) to produce <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putrescine" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Putrescine">putrescine</a>. Putrescine is then converted into <i>N</i>-methyl putrescine via <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylation" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Methylation">methylation</a> by SAM catalyzed by putrescine <i>N</i>-methyltransferase (PMT). <i>N</i>-methylputrescine then undergoes <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deamination" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Deamination">deamination</a> into 4-methylaminobutanal by the <i>N</i>-methylputrescine oxidase (MPO) enzyme, 4-methylaminobutanal then spontaneously cyclize into <i>N</i>-methyl-Δ<sup style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">1</sup>-pyrrollidium cation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div>
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The final step in the synthesis of nicotine is the coupling between <i>N</i>-methyl-Δ<sup style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">1</sup>-pyrrollidium cation and niacin. Although studies conclude some form of coupling between the two component structures, the definite process and mechanism remains undetermined. The current agreed theory involves the conversion of niacin into 2,5-dihydropyridine through 3,6-dihydronicotinic acid. The 2,5-dihydropyridine intermediate would then react with <i>N</i>-methyl-Δ<sup style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">1</sup>-pyrrollidium cation to form <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enantiomer" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Enantiomer">enantiomerically</a> pure (−)-nicotine.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-plant-meta_124-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-plant-meta-124" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[124]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Detection_in_body_fluids">Detection in body fluids</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicotine&action=edit&section=27" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Detection in body fluids">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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Nicotine can be quantified in blood, plasma, or urine to confirm a diagnosis of poisoning or to facilitate a medicolegal death investigation. Urinary or salivary cotinine concentrations are frequently measured for the purposes of pre-employment and health insurance medical screening programs. Careful interpretation of results is important, since passive exposure to cigarette smoke can result in significant accumulation of nicotine, followed by the appearance of its metabolites in various body fluids.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-125" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-125" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[125]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-126" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-126" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[126]</a></sup> Nicotine use is not regulated in competitive sports programs.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-127" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-127" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[127]</a></sup></div>
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<span id="History.2C_society.2C_and_culture"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="History,_society,_and_culture">History, society, and culture</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicotine&action=edit&section=28" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: History, society, and culture">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_tobacco" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="History of tobacco">History of tobacco</a></div>
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Nicotine was originally isolated from the tobacco plant in 1828 by chemists Wilhelm Heinrich Posselt and Karl Ludwig Reimann from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Germany">Germany</a>, who believed it was a poison.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-128" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-128" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[128]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-129" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-129" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[129]</a></sup> Its chemical <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_formula" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Empirical formula">empirical formula</a> was described by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Melsens" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Louis Melsens">Melsens</a> in 1843,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-130" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-130" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[130]</a></sup> its structure was discovered by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Pinner" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Adolf Pinner">Adolf Pinner</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wolffenstein_(chemist)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Richard Wolffenstein (chemist)">Richard Wolffenstein</a> in 1893,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-131" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-131" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[131]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-132" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-132" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[132]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-133" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-133" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[133]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; margin-left: 0.1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="It's not clear that Wolffenstein should be attributed credit for identifying the structure of nicotine. Please see the talk page. (March 2013)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and it was first synthesized by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9_Pictet" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Amé Pictet">Amé Pictet</a> and A. Rotschy in 1904.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-134" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-134" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[134]</a></sup></div>
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Nicotine is named after the tobacco plant <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotiana_tabacum" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nicotiana tabacum">Nicotiana tabacum</a>,</i> which in turn is named after the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="France">French</a> ambassador in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Nicot" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jean Nicot">Jean Nicot de Villemain</a>, who sent tobacco and seeds to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paris">Paris</a> in 1560, presented to the French King,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Rang_H._P_2007,_page_598_135-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Rang_H._P_2007,_page_598-135" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[135]</a></sup> and who promoted their medicinal use. Smoking was believed to protect against illness, particularly the plague.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Rang_H._P_2007,_page_598_135-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Rang_H._P_2007,_page_598-135" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[135]</a></sup></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tobacco">Tobacco</a> was introduced to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Europe">Europe</a> in 1559, and by the late 17th century, it was used not only for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Smoking">smoking</a> but also as an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecticide" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Insecticide">insecticide</a>. After <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="World War II">World War II</a>, over 2,500 tons of nicotine insecticide were used worldwide, but by the 1980s the use of nicotine insecticide had declined below 200 tons. This was due to the availability of other insecticides that are cheaper and less harmful to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mammal">mammals</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ujvary_14-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-Ujvary-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></div>
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The nicotine content of popular American-brand cigarettes has increased over time, and one study found that there was an average increase of 1.78% per year between the years of 1998 and 2005.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-136" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-136" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[136]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Legal_status">Legal status</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicotine&action=edit&section=29" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Legal status">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: 0.875em;">In the European Union, the minimum age to purchase nicotine products is 18. However, there is no minimum age requirement to use tobacco or nicotine products.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-137" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-137" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[137]</a></sup>In the United States, nicotine products and Nicotine Replacement Therapy products like Nicotrol are only available to persons 18 and above; proof of age is required; not for sale in vending machine or from any source where proof of age cannot be verified. In some states<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)"><span title="The geographic scope near this tag is ambiguous. (March 2019)">where?</span></a></i>]</sup>, these products are only available to persons over the age of 21.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)"><span title="Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (February 2019)">medical citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)"><span title="The geographic scope near this tag is ambiguous. (February 2019)">where?</span></a></i>]</sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="In_media">In media</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicotine&action=edit&section=30" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: In media">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
<table class="infobox" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-spacing: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.32px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em 1.5em; padding: 0.2em; width: 300px;"><caption style="font-size: 15.4px; font-weight: bold; padding: 0.2em;">External image</caption><tbody>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;"><img alt="" data-file-height="512" data-file-width="512" decoding="async" height="16" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/16px-Searchtool.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/24px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/32px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="16" /> <a class="external text" href="http://www.comicvine.com/nick-oteen/29-67121/" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">An image showing Nick O'Teen fleeing from Superman</a>, Comic Vine</td></tr>
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In some <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-smoking" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Anti-smoking">anti-smoking</a> literature, the harm that tobacco smoking and nicotine addiction does is personified as Nick O'Teen, represented as a humanoid with some aspect of a cigarette or cigarette butt about him or his clothes and hat.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-HEC_138-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-HEC-138" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[138]</a></sup> Nick O'Teen was a villain that was created for the <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Health_Education_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Health Education Council (page does not exist)">Health Education Council</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-HEC_138-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-HEC-138" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[138]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Research">Research</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicotine&action=edit&section=31" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Research">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Central_nervous_system_2">Central nervous system</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicotine&action=edit&section=32" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Central nervous system">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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While acute/initial nicotine intake causes activation of neuronal nicotine receptors, chronic low doses of nicotine use leads to desensitisation of those receptors (due to the development of tolerance) and results in an antidepressant effect, with early research showing low dose nicotine patches could be an effective treatment of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Major depressive disorder">major depressive disorder</a> in non-smokers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid20965579_139-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-pmid20965579-139" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[139]</a></sup></div>
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Though tobacco smoking is associated with an increased risk of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid19105840_140-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-pmid19105840-140" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[140]</a></sup> there is evidence that nicotine itself has the potential to prevent and treat Alzheimer's disease.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid19184661_141-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-pmid19184661-141" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[141]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Immune_system">Immune system</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicotine&action=edit&section=33" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Immune system">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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Immune cells of both the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innate" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Innate">Innate immune system</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_immune_system" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Adaptive immune system">adaptive immune systems</a> frequently express the α2, α5, α6, α7, α9, and α10 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor#Subunits" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor">subunits of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:0_142-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-:0-142" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[142]</a></sup> Evidence suggests that nicotinic receptors which contain these subunits are involved in the regulation of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_function" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Immune function">immune function</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:0_142-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-:0-142" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[142]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Optopharmacology">Optopharmacology</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicotine&action=edit&section=34" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Optopharmacology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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A <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoactivatable_probes" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Photoactivatable probes">photoactivatable</a> form of nicotine, which releases nicotine when exposed to <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet_light" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ultraviolet light">ultraviolet light</a> with certain conditions, has been developed for studying nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in brain tissue.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid29578537_143-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine#cite_note-pmid29578537-143" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[143]</a></sup></div>
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ProBeggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07638759199181013879noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5800037888895588450.post-42699326301668393842019-04-14T17:15:00.002-07:002019-04-14T17:15:42.995-07:00Reasons to Quit Smoking<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-0gjDAHPj4k0/XLPMySNh7hI/AAAAAAAACmo/8MvtGvwbS54WGIt0PCUIu0WkogM6Yem0wCKgBGAs/s1600/Dreams.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="183" data-original-width="275" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-0gjDAHPj4k0/XLPMySNh7hI/AAAAAAAACmo/8MvtGvwbS54WGIt0PCUIu0WkogM6Yem0wCKgBGAs/s1600/Dreams.jpg" /></a><span style="font-size: large;">Reasons to Quit Smoking</span><br />
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The very first reason I can think of in New Zealand to Quit smoking is the cost. New Zealand has some of the most draconian smoking laws in the world. Currently it costs about $26 dollars a pack of cigarettes and about $60 dollars for a 30 gram. $26 in US dollars is $17.60. $60 in US dollars is $40.63. I imagine that a pack of cigarettes in the US is something like $5 US dollars. So you can see that we pay 3 times as much.<br />
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So yep. The first main reason to quit smoking for me is the cost. The thing is even if I was rich and could afford to smoke then the second reason to quit now comes into play.<br />
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The second reason to quit smoking is health. I'm not indestructible. I am actually fragile and easily breakable. Smoking definitely affects my health. I cough more. I have shortness of breath and according to science the carbon monoxide takes the place of oxygen so I have less energy and am operating on a lower level because my brain doesn't have all the oxygen it needs.<br />
<br />
What would be a good third reason. Health is a huge one. When you smoke it doesn't feel like it's making you sick. It can be quite pleasurable the odd smoke. That's what keeps us coming back I guess is that thought of the pleasure that a smoke will bring.<br />
<br />
I find myself craving and thinking of the pleasure a smoke will bring. Often though I don't get any pleasure, I just desire another one. Nicotine patches have helped me so there must be something to the nicotine thing. I find if I put a couple patches on I will think less about wanting to have a cigarette.<br />
<br />
Cigarettes lower your bone mass and give you wrinkles. Smokers have higher incidences of fractures and they take longer to heal. I turn 41 in just under a month so it really is time to quit. If you quit before 40 after a few years you can have similar health as if you've never smoked.<br />
<br />
Smoking also lowers your muscle mass. So you're weaker and doing tasks become more difficult.<br />
<br />
I have this idea that Jesus wants me to smoke. But that can't be true. I can't say i've had much help from Jesus in my life time. Well Jesus it's one of my deepest desires I believe to give up smoking and stay off it. Jesus can you help me quit smoking.<br />
<br />
There's plenty of reasons to quit smoking. I don't know why so many people still smoke and still continue to start. It's an addiction thing. I guess I have to gain control over it with my mind if I want to quit.<br />
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Sr8sp4E5OoM/XLPNG_U-LJI/AAAAAAAACmw/McfVVfcAhcQvsV28iqP_bEb8hBWXNdrmwCKgBGAs/s1600/The%2BChainsmokers2.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="140" data-original-width="361" height="124" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Sr8sp4E5OoM/XLPNG_U-LJI/AAAAAAAACmw/McfVVfcAhcQvsV28iqP_bEb8hBWXNdrmwCKgBGAs/s320/The%2BChainsmokers2.png" width="320" /></a><br />
The battle is a huge part in the mind. Last time when I quit for 5 years I just had something like a huge burning desire to quit and nothing was going to stop me. But at the time I wasn't enjoying smoking at all. It seems today I kind of enjoy it.<br />
<br />
If the truth will set us free then what is the truth about smoking that will set us free from it.<br />
<br />
Do we need more education. All the facts are available online. Is it what we believe. I think for me it's a bit like this. I believe smoking won't harm me deep down so I keep smoking.<br />
<br />
If I want to qit then I have to have a firm commitment and strong desire. I have to order my mind against smoking. The cost, the health benefits perhaps meditate on those more.<br />
<br />
I want a smoke right now. But I haven't got any. I always seem to find one even if I haven't got any.<br />
<br />
The money would be awesome if I quit smoking. More food.<br />
<br />
Anyway I going to leave it there. I haven't helped myself much with this article.<br />
<br />
I'm looking forward to a day I can afford all my habits or I have them under control.<br />
<br />
Smoking is the first thing I want to conquer to improve my life.<br />
<br />
It's also one of the hardest.<br />
<br />
After smoking I want to make some money somehow through work on this website.<br />
<br />
I need to work to earn money.<br />
<br />
All my efforts so far have failed. I could've been rich years ago but let that slip through my fingers so easily. It could still happen I guess. But it's been so long already and they look like they never going to give me any money.<br />
<br />
Money is where it's at. If you got money then you got 50% of life solved at least. Most things can be fixed with money. Not all things. But most things.<br />
<br />
Quitting smoking is a way to become more financially secure and therefore lifting myself out of poverty and bringing me closer to the goal of owning my own house.<br />
<br />
Thanks for reading this garbage.<br />
<br />
Darcy Lee<br />
Pro Beggar.ProBeggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07638759199181013879noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5800037888895588450.post-54846461850380879712019-04-10T21:12:00.000-07:002019-04-10T21:12:37.174-07:00Jesus Christ Wikipedia<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 1.8em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; overflow: visible; padding: 0px;">
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<table class="infobox biography vcard" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-spacing: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.32px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 22em;"><tbody>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="font-size: 15.4px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><div class="fn" style="display: inline;">
Jesus</div>
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<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cefal%C3%B9_Pantocrator_retouched.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Cefalù Pantocrator retouched.jpg" data-file-height="1795" data-file-width="1933" decoding="async" height="204" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Cefal%C3%B9_Pantocrator_retouched.jpg/220px-Cefal%C3%B9_Pantocrator_retouched.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Cefal%C3%B9_Pantocrator_retouched.jpg/330px-Cefal%C3%B9_Pantocrator_retouched.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Cefal%C3%B9_Pantocrator_retouched.jpg/440px-Cefal%C3%B9_Pantocrator_retouched.jpg 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div>
<div style="line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.1em 0px;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Pantocrator" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christ Pantocrator">Christ Pantocrator</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_art" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine style</a>, from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cefal%C3%B9_Cathedral" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cefalù Cathedral">Cefalù Cathedral</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, <abbr style="border-bottom: 0px; cursor: help;" title="circa">c.</abbr> 1130</div>
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<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Born</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">c.<span style="white-space: nowrap;"> 4 BC</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-5" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[a]</a></sup><br /><div class="birthplace" style="display: inline;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodian_kingdom" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Herodian kingdom">Judea</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-6" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Died</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">c.<span style="white-space: nowrap;"> AD 30 / 33</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-8" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[b]</a></sup><br />(aged 33–36)<br /><div class="deathplace" style="display: inline;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea_(Roman_province)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Judea (Roman province)">Judea</a>, Roman Empire</div>
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<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Cause of death</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-13" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[c]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Home town</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazareth" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilee" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Galilee">Galilee</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998_14-0" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Parent(s)</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><div class="hlist hlist-separated">
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<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Joseph" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-15" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[d]</a></sup></li>
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<tr><td style="line-height: 1.2em; padding-top: 0.4em;">Part of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Category:Jesus">a series</a> on</td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0.2em 0px 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Jesus"><img alt="Jesus" data-file-height="234" data-file-width="819" decoding="async" height="57" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/JesusYeshua.svg/200px-JesusYeshua.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/JesusYeshua.svg/300px-JesusYeshua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/JesusYeshua.svg/400px-JesusYeshua.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;"><img alt="P christianity.svg" class="noviewer" data-file-height="360" data-file-width="400" decoding="async" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="16" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Christianity" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><img alt="Wikipedia book" data-file-height="185" data-file-width="180" decoding="async" height="16" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" title="Wikipedia book" width="16" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book:Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Book:Jesus">Book:Jesus</a></li>
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<b>Jesus</b><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-16" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[e]</a></sup> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circa" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Circa">c.</a><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> 4 BC</span> – c.<span style="white-space: nowrap;"> AD 30 / 33</span>), also referred to as <b>Jesus of Nazareth</b> and <b>Jesus Christ</b>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-17" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[f]</a></sup> was a first-century <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jews">Jewish</a> preacher and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Religion">religious</a> leader.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Vermes_1981_18-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Vermes_1981-18" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup> He is the central figure of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, and is widely described as the most influential person in history.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-19" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup> Most <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christians">Christians</a> believe he is the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">incarnation</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_the_Son" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="God the Son">God the Son</a> and the awaited <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messiah#Christianity" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Messiah">Messiah</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_(title)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a>) prophesied in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Testament" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath20064–6_20-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath20064%E2%80%936-20" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ehrman_Jesus_became_God_21-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Ehrman_Jesus_became_God-21" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup></div>
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Virtually all modern scholars of antiquity agree that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Historicity of Jesus">Jesus existed historically</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-exist_28-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-exist-28" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[g]</a></sup> although the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quest_for_the_historical_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Quest for the historical Jesus">quest for the historical Jesus</a> has produced little agreement on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Historical reliability of the Gospels">historical reliability of the Gospels</a> and on how closely the Jesus portrayed in the Bible reflects the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Historical Jesus">historical Jesus</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell1998168–73_29-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell1998168%E2%80%9373-29" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[22]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-31" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[h]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-33" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[i]</a></sup> Jesus was a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Galilean">Galilean</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jew" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jew">Jew</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Vermes_1981_18-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Vermes_1981-18" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup> who was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Baptism of Jesus">baptized</a> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Baptist" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> and began <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ministry of Jesus">his own ministry</a>. He <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_gospel_traditions" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Oral gospel traditions">preached orally</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Dunn2013_34-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Dunn2013-34" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[25]</a></sup> and was often referred to as "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbi" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a>".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ISBEO_35-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-ISBEO-35" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup> Jesus debated with fellow Jews on how to best follow God, engaged in healings, taught in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parable" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Parable">parables</a> and gathered followers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine20064_36-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine20064-36" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[27]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-37" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[28]</a></sup> He was arrested and tried by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanhedrin" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sanhedrin">Jewish authorities</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders199311_38-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders199311-38" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[29]</a></sup> turned over to the Roman government, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">crucified</a> on the order of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_governor" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Roman governor">Roman prefect</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine20064_36-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine20064-36" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[27]</a></sup> After his death, his followers believed he <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Resurrection of Jesus">rose from the dead</a>, and the community they formed eventually became the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Christianity" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Early Christianity">early Church</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders199311,_14_39-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders199311,_14-39" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[30]</a></sup></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nativity of Jesus">The birth of Jesus</a> is celebrated annually on December 25th (or various dates in January by some eastern churches) as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>. His crucifixion is honored on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Friday" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a> and his resurrection on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Easter">Easter</a>. The widely used <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_era" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Calendar era">calendar era</a> "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Anno Domini">AD</a>", from the Latin <i>anno Domini</i> ("in the year of the Lord"), and the equivalent alternative "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Era" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Common Era">CE</a>", are based on the approximate birthdate of Jesus.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AD_40-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-AD-40" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[31]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-42" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[j]</a></sup></div>
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Christian doctrines include the beliefs that Jesus was conceived by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a>, was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">born of a virgin</a> named <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a>, performed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Miracles of Jesus">miracles</a>, founded the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Church" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christian Church">Christian Church</a>, died by crucifixion as a sacrifice to achieve <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atonement_in_Christianity" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Atonement in Christianity">atonement for sin</a>, rose from the dead, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ascension of Jesus">ascended</a> into <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven_in_Christianity" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Heaven in Christianity">Heaven</a>, from where he <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Coming" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Second Coming">will return</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrudem1994568–603_43-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrudem1994568%E2%80%93603-43" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[33]</a></sup> Most <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jesus in Christianity">Christians believe Jesus</a> enables people to be reconciled to God. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicene_Creed" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a> asserts that Jesus will <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Judgement" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Last Judgement">judge the living and the dead</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-44" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[34]</a></sup> either <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate_state" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Intermediate state">before</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_mortalism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christian mortalism">after</a> their <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection_of_the_dead#Christianity" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Resurrection of the dead">bodily resurrection</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Oxford_Companion_45-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Oxford_Companion-45" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[35]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-46" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-46" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[36]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-47" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-47" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[37]</a></sup> an event tied to the Second Coming of Jesus in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_eschatology" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christian eschatology">Christian eschatology</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-48" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-48" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[38]</a></sup> The great majority of Christians worship Jesus as the incarnation of God the Son, the second of three <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Person_(theology)#Christian_theology" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Person (theology)">persons</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>. A minority of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_denomination" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christian denomination">Christian denominations</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nontrinitarianism">reject Trinitarianism</a>, wholly or partly, as non-scriptural.</div>
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Jesus also figures in non-Christian religions and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_religious_movement" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New religious movement">new religious movements</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jesus in Islam">In Islam</a>, Jesus (commonly transliterated as <i lang="ar-Latn" title="ISO 233 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isa_(name)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Isa (name)">Isa</a></i>) is considered one of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Islam" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="God in Islam">God</a>'s important <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophets_in_Islam" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Prophets in Islam">prophets</a> and the Messiah.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-uscsite_49-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-uscsite-49" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[39]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CEI_50-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-CEI-50" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[40]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Siddiqui_51-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Siddiqui-51" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[41]</a></sup> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> believe Jesus was a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">bringer of scripture</a> and was born of a virgin, but was not the son of God. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Quran">Quran</a> states that Jesus never claimed divinity.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Morgan_52-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Morgan-52" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[42]</a></sup> Most Muslims do not believe that he <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_view_of_Jesus%27_death" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Islamic view of Jesus' death">was crucified</a>, but that he was physically <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entering_Heaven_alive" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Entering Heaven alive">raised into Heaven</a> by God. In contrast, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism%27s_view_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Judaism's view of Jesus">Judaism</a> rejects the belief that Jesus was the awaited Messiah, arguing that he did not fulfill <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messianic prophecies</a>, and was neither divine nor resurrected.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-JE1906_53-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-JE1906-53" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[43]</a></sup></div>
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<h2 style="background: none; border: 0px; color: black; display: inline; font-size: 13.3px; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
Contents</h2>
<span class="toctogglespan" style="font-size: 12.502px;"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox" style="color: #0645ad; cursor: pointer;"></label></span></div>
<ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#Etymology" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Etymology</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#Life_and_teachings_in_the_New_Testament" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Life and teachings in the New Testament</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#Canonical_gospels" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Canonical gospels</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#Genealogy_and_nativity" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Genealogy and nativity</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#Early_life,_family,_and_profession" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Early life, family, and profession</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#Baptism_and_temptation" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2.4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Baptism and temptation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#Public_ministry" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2.5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Public ministry</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#Self-identification" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2.6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Self-identification</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#Mannerism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2.7</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Mannerism</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#Passion_Week" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2.8</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Passion Week</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#Resurrection_and_Ascension" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2.9</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Resurrection and Ascension</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#Early_Christianity" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Early Christianity</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#Historical_views" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Historical views</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#Judea_and_Galilee_in_the_1st_century" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Judea and Galilee in the 1st century</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#Sources" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Sources</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#Chronology" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Chronology</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#Historicity_of_events" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4.4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Historicity of events</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#Portraits_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4.5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Portraits of Jesus</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#Language,_ethnicity,_and_appearance" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4.6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Language, ethnicity, and appearance</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#Christ_myth_theory" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4.7</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Christ myth theory</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#Perspectives" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Perspectives</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#Christian" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">5.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Christian</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#Jewish" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">5.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Jewish</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#Islamic" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">5.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Islamic</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#Bah%C3%A1'%C3%AD" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">5.4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Bahá'í</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#Other" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">5.5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Other</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#Artistic_depictions" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Artistic depictions</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#Associated_relics" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">7</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Associated relics</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#See_also" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">8</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-44" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#Notes" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">9</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-45" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#References" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">10</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">References</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#Bibliography" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">10.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Bibliography</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-47" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#External_links" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">11</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">External links</span></a></li>
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<h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Etymology">Etymology</span></h2>
<div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
Further information: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_(name)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jesus (name)">Jesus (name)</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Name_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Holy Name of Jesus">Holy Name of Jesus</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament">Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Christianity" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Names of God in Christianity">Names of God in Christianity</a></div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JesusYeshua2.svg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="348" data-file-width="819" decoding="async" height="93" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/JesusYeshua2.svg/220px-JesusYeshua2.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/JesusYeshua2.svg/330px-JesusYeshua2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/JesusYeshua2.svg/440px-JesusYeshua2.svg.png 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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<a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JesusYeshua2.svg" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2215%22 height=%2211%22 viewBox=%220 0 11 15%22%3E %3Cg id=%22magnify-clip%22 fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%23000%22%3E %3Cpath id=%22bigbox%22 d=%22M1.509 1.865h10.99v7.919H1.509z%22/%3E %3Cpath id=%22smallbox%22 d=%22M-1.499 6.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #0b0080; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Counter-clockwise from top-right: Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek, Latin, and English transcriptions of the name <i>Jesus</i></div>
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A typical <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jews">Jew</a> in Jesus' time <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_name" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jewish name">had only one name</a>, sometimes <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymic" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Patronymic">followed by the phrase "son of <father name="" s="">"</father></a>, or the individual's hometown.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Britannica_54-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Britannica-54" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[44]</a></sup> Thus, in the New Testament, Jesus is commonly referred to as "Jesus of Nazareth"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-55" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-55" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[k]</a></sup>(e.g., <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_10" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mark 10">Mark 10</a>:47).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-56" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-56" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[45]</a></sup> Jesus' neighbors in Nazareth refer to him as "the carpenter, the son of Mary and brother of James and Joses and Judas and Simon" (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_6" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mark 6">Mark 6</a>:3),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-57" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-57" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[46]</a></sup> "the carpenter's son" (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_13" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Matthew 13">Matthew 13</a>:55),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-58" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-58" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[47]</a></sup> or "Joseph's son" (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Luke 4">Luke 4</a>:22).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-59" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-59" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[48]</a></sup> In John, the disciple <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a> refers to him as "Jesus son of Joseph from Nazareth" (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John 1">John 1</a>:45).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-60" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-60" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[49]</a></sup></div>
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The name <i>Jesus</i> is derived from the Latin <i>Iesus</i>, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transliteration" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Transliteration">transliteration</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <span lang="grc" title="Ancient Greek language text">Ἰησοῦς</span> (<i><i lang="grc-Latn" title="Ancient Greek language text">Iesous</i></i>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CE_name_61-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-CE_name-61" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[50]</a></sup> The Greek form is a rendering of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <span dir="rtl" lang="arc" title="Aramaic language text">ישוע</span> (<i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeshua_(name)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Yeshua (name)">Yeshua</a></i>), a variant of the earlier name <span dir="rtl" lang="arc" title="Aramaic language text">יהושע</span> (<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_(name)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Joshua (name)">Yehoshua</a></i>), or in English, "Joshua",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-62" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-62" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[51]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-63" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-63" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[52]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EhrmanDid29_64-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-EhrmanDid29-64" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[53]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-65" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-65" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[54]</a></sup> meaning "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahweh" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Yahweh">Yah</a> saves".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-66" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-66" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[55]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-67" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-67" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[56]</a></sup> This was also the name of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Joshua">Moses' successor</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-68" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-68" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[57]</a></sup> and of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_the_High_Priest" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Joshua the High Priest">Jewish high priest</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-69" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-69" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[58]</a></sup></div>
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The name <i>Yeshua</i> appears to have been in use in Judea at the time of the birth of Jesus.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-70" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-70" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[59]</a></sup> The 1st-century works of historian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Josephus">Flavius Josephus</a>, who wrote in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koine_Greek" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>, the same language as that of the New Testament,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-71" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-71" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[60]</a></sup>refer to at least twenty different people with the name Jesus (i.e. Ἰησοῦς).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007129_72-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007129-72" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[61]</a></sup> The etymology of Jesus' name in the context of the New Testament is generally given as "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahweh" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a> is salvation".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrance200753_73-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrance200753-73" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[62]</a></sup></div>
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Since early Christianity, Christians have commonly referred to Jesus as "Jesus Christ".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoninger1999212_74-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoninger1999212-74" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[63]</a></sup> The word <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_(title)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a></i> was a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threefold_office" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Threefold office">title or office</a> (<i>"the Christ"</i>), not a given name.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPannenberg196830–31_75-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPannenberg196830%E2%80%9331-75" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[64]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-76" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-76" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[65]</a></sup> It derives from the Greek <span lang="grc" title="Ancient Greek language text"><a class="extiw" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%82" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikt:Χριστός">Χριστός</a></span> (<i>Christos</i>),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CE_name_61-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-CE_name-61" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[50]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-77" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-77" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[66]</a></sup> a translation of the Hebrew <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Messiah in Judaism">mashiakh</a></i> (<span lang="he" title="Hebrew language text"><a class="extiw" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D6%B8%D7%A9%D6%B4%D7%81%D7%99%D7%97%D6%B7" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikt:מָשִׁיחַ">משיח</a></span>) meaning "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anointing" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Anointing">anointed</a>", and is usually transliterated into English as "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messiah" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-78" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-78" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[67]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVine1940274–75_79-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVine1940274%E2%80%9375-79" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[68]</a></sup> In biblical Judaism, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_anointing_oil" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Holy anointing oil">sacred oil</a> was used to anoint certain exceptionally holy people and objects as part of their religious investiture (see <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leviticus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Leviticus">Leviticus 8:10–12</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exodus_30" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Exodus 30">Exodus 30</a>:29).</div>
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Christians of the time designated Jesus as "the Christ" because they believed him to be the Messiah, whose arrival is <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_and_messianic_prophecy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jesus and messianic prophecy">prophesied</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> and Old Testament. In postbiblical usage, <i>Christ</i> became viewed as a name—one part of "Jesus Christ". The term "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christians">Christian</a>" (meaning a follower of Christ) has been in use since the 1st century.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillsBullard1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidgoq0VWw9rGIClpgPA142pgPA142vonepageq14220allegiance_142]_80-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillsBullard1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidgoq0VWw9rGIClpgPA142pgPA142vonepageq14220allegiance_142]-80" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[69]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Life_and_teachings_in_the_New_Testament">Life and teachings in the New Testament</span></h2>
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<tr><td style="background: lavender; line-height: 1.2em; padding-top: 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_harmony" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gospel harmony">Events</a> in the</td></tr>
<tr><th style="background: lavender; font-size: 17.864px; line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0px 0.4em 0.2em;"><big><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">Life of Jesus</a></big><br /><small style="font-size: 15.1844px;"><small style="font-size: 12.9067px;">according to the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonical_gospels" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Canonical gospels">Gospels</a></small></small></th></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0.2em 0px 0.4em;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GaudenzioFerrari_StorieCristo_Varallo2.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Life of Jesus"><img alt="Life of Jesus" data-file-height="524" data-file-width="972" decoding="async" height="137" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/GaudenzioFerrari_StorieCristo_Varallo2.jpg/255px-GaudenzioFerrari_StorieCristo_Varallo2.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/GaudenzioFerrari_StorieCristo_Varallo2.jpg/383px-GaudenzioFerrari_StorieCristo_Varallo2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/GaudenzioFerrari_StorieCristo_Varallo2.jpg/510px-GaudenzioFerrari_StorieCristo_Varallo2.jpg 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="255" /></a></td></tr>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Child" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christ Child">Early life</a><a class="NavToggle" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#" id="NavToggle7" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; font-size: 11.0603px; font-weight: normal; position: absolute; right: 3px; text-decoration-line: none; top: 0px;">[show]</a></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a><a class="NavToggle" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#" id="NavToggle8" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; font-size: 11.0603px; font-weight: normal; position: absolute; right: 3px; text-decoration-line: none; top: 0px;">[show]</a></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion</a><a class="NavToggle" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#" id="NavToggle9" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; font-size: 11.0603px; font-weight: normal; position: absolute; right: 3px; text-decoration-line: none; top: 0px;">[show]</a></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a><a class="NavToggle" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#" id="NavToggle10" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; font-size: 11.0603px; font-weight: normal; position: absolute; right: 3px; text-decoration-line: none; top: 0px;">[show]</a></div>
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In rest of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Testament">NT</a><a class="NavToggle" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#" id="NavToggle11" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; font-size: 11.0603px; font-weight: normal; position: absolute; right: 3px; text-decoration-line: none; top: 0px;">[show]</a></div>
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<small style="font-size: 10.472px;"><small style="font-size: 8.9012px;"><b>Portals: </b><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="P christianity.svg" data-file-height="360" data-file-width="400" decoding="async" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="16" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Christianity" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity</a> <a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" data-file-height="1300" data-file-width="1993" decoding="async" height="10" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/16px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/24px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/32px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="16" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Bible" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Portal:Bible">Bible</a></small></small></div>
<img alt="Wikipedia book" data-file-height="185" data-file-width="180" decoding="async" height="16" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" title="Wikipedia book" width="16" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book:Life_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Book:Life of Jesus">Book:Life of Jesus</a></td></tr>
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<div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">Life of Jesus in the New Testament</a></div>
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See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gospel">Gospel</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_harmony" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gospel harmony">Gospel harmony</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Historical reliability of the Gospels">Historical reliability of the Gospels</a>, and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_consistency_of_the_New_Testament" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Internal consistency of the New Testament">Internal consistency of the New Testament</a></div>
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See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament_places_associated_with_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Testament places associated with Jesus">New Testament places associated with Jesus</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament">Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament</a></div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P._Chester_Beatty_I,_folio_13-14,_recto.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="A four-page papyrus manuscript, which is torn in many places" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="287" data-file-width="600" decoding="async" height="124" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/P._Chester_Beatty_I%2C_folio_13-14%2C_recto.jpg/260px-P._Chester_Beatty_I%2C_folio_13-14%2C_recto.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/P._Chester_Beatty_I%2C_folio_13-14%2C_recto.jpg/390px-P._Chester_Beatty_I%2C_folio_13-14%2C_recto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/P._Chester_Beatty_I%2C_folio_13-14%2C_recto.jpg/520px-P._Chester_Beatty_I%2C_folio_13-14%2C_recto.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="260" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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<a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P._Chester_Beatty_I,_folio_13-14,_recto.jpg" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2215%22 height=%2211%22 viewBox=%220 0 11 15%22%3E %3Cg id=%22magnify-clip%22 fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%23000%22%3E %3Cpath id=%22bigbox%22 d=%22M1.509 1.865h10.99v7.919H1.509z%22/%3E %3Cpath id=%22smallbox%22 d=%22M-1.499 6.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #0b0080; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
A 3rd-century Greek <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyrus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Canonical_gospels">Canonical gospels</span></h3>
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The four <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonical_gospel" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Canonical gospel">canonical gospels</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_John" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gospel of John">John</a>) are the foremost sources for the life and message of Jesus.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Britannica_54-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Britannica-54" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[44]</a></sup> However, other parts of the New Testament also include references to key episodes in his life, such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Supper" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a> in 1 Corinthians 11:23.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009441–42_81-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009441%E2%80%9342-81" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[70]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Fahlbusch52_82-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Fahlbusch52-82" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[71]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003465–77_83-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003465%E2%80%9377-83" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[72]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a> (Acts 10:37–38 and Acts 19) refers to the early ministry of Jesus and its anticipation by John the Baptist.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bruce1988_84-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Bruce1988-84" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[73]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERausch200377_85-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTERausch200377-85" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[74]</a></sup> Acts 1:1–11 says more about the Ascension of Jesus (also mentioned in 1 Timothy 3:16) than the canonical gospels do.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003521–30_86-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003521%E2%80%9330-86" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[75]</a></sup> In the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_epistles#Authenticity" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pauline epistles">undisputed Pauline letters</a>, which were written earlier than the gospels, the words or instructions of Jesus are cited several times (1 Corinthians 7:10–11, 9:14, 11:23–25, 2 Corinthians 12:9).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-88" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-88" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[l]</a></sup></div>
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Some <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Christianity" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Early Christianity">early Christian</a> groups had separate descriptions of the life and teachings of Jesus that are not included in the New Testament. These include the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Thomas" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gospel of Thomas">Gospel of Thomas</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Peter" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gospel of Peter">Gospel of Peter</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Judas" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gospel of Judas">Gospel of Judas</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocryphon_of_James" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Apocryphon of James">Apocryphon of James</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Testament apocrypha">many other apocryphal writings</a>. Most scholars conclude that these are written much later and are less reliable accounts than the canonical gospels.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1997835–40_89-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1997835%E2%80%9340-89" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[77]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-90" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-90" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[78]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-91" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-91" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[79]</a></sup></div>
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The canonical gospels are four accounts, each written by a different author. The authors of the gospels are all anonymous, attributed by tradition to the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_evangelists" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Four evangelists">four evangelists</a>, each with close ties to Jesus:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5GIntro_92-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-5GIntro-92" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[80]</a></sup> Mark by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mark" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John Mark">John Mark</a>, an associate of Peter;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-May_Metzger_Mark_93-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-May_Metzger_Mark-93" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[81]</a></sup> Matthew by one of Jesus' disciples;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5GIntro_92-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-5GIntro-92" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[80]</a></sup> Luke by a companion of Paul mentioned in a few epistles;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5GIntro_92-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-5GIntro-92" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[80]</a></sup> and John by another of Jesus' disciples,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5GIntro_92-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-5GIntro-92" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[80]</a></sup> the "<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beloved_disciple" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Beloved disciple">beloved disciple</a>".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005John,_St._94-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005John,_St.-94" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[82]</a></sup></div>
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One important aspect of the study of the gospels is the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_genre" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Literary genre">literary genre</a> under which they fall. Genre "is a key convention guiding both the composition and the interpretation of writings".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-95" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-95" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[83]</a></sup> Whether the gospel authors set out to write novels, myths, histories, or biographies has a tremendous impact on how they ought to be interpreted. Some recent studies suggest that the genre of the gospels ought to be situated within the realm of ancient <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biography" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Biography">biography</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-96" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-96" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[84]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-97" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-97" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[85]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-98" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-98" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[86]</a></sup> Although not without critics,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-99" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-99" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[87]</a></sup> the position that the gospels are a type of ancient biography is the consensus among scholars today.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-100" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-100" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[88]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-101" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-101" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[89]</a></sup></div>
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Not everything contained in the New Testament gospels is considered to be historically reliable.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders19933_102-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders19933-102" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[90]</a></sup> Views range from their being <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inerrancy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Inerrancy">inerrant</a> descriptions of the life of Jesus<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrudem199490–91_103-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrudem199490%E2%80%9391-103" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[91]</a></sup> to their providing little historical information about his life beyond the basics.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKöstenbergerKellumQuarles2009117–25_104-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK%C3%B6stenbergerKellumQuarles2009117%E2%80%9325-104" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[92]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman199922–23_105-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman199922%E2%80%9323-105" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[93]</a></sup> According to a broad scholarly consensus, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic Gospels</a> (Matthew, Mark, and Luke), and not John, are the most reliable sources of information about Jesus.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders199371_106-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders199371-106" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[94]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199817–62_107-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199817%E2%80%9362-107" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[95]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Britannica_54-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Britannica-54" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[44]</a></sup></div>
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According to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcan_priority" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Marcan priority">Marcan priority</a>, the first to be written was the Gospel of Mark (written AD 60–75), followed by the Gospel of Matthew (AD 65–85), the Gospel of Luke (AD 65–95), and the Gospel of John (AD 75–100).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-108" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-108" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[96]</a></sup>Furthermore, most scholars agree that the authors of Matthew and Luke used Mark as a source when writing their gospels. Matthew and Luke also share some content not found in Mark. To explain this, many scholars believe that in addition to Mark, another source (commonly called the "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_source" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Q source">Q source</a>") was used by the two authors.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELicona2010210–21_109-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTELicona2010210%E2%80%9321-109" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[97]</a></sup></div>
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Matthew, Mark, and Luke are known as the Synoptic Gospels, from the Greek σύν (<i>syn</i> "together") and ὄψις (<i>opsis</i> "view").<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Synoptic_110-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Synoptic-110" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[98]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Synoptic2_111-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Synoptic2-111" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[99]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-112" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-112" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[100]</a></sup> They are similar in content, narrative arrangement, language and paragraph structure.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Synoptic_110-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Synoptic-110" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[98]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Synoptic2_111-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Synoptic2-111" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[99]</a></sup> Scholars generally agree that it is impossible to find any direct literary relationship between the Synoptic Gospels and the Gospel of John.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Moloney3_113-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Moloney3-113" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[101]</a></sup> While the flow of some events (such as Jesus' baptism, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">transfiguration</a>, crucifixion and interactions with the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostle_(Christian)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Apostle (Christian)">apostles</a>) are shared among the Synoptic Gospels, incidents such as the transfiguration do not appear in John, which also differs on other matters, such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleansing_of_the_Temple" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cleansing of the Temple">Cleansing of the Temple</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-114" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-114" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[102]</a></sup></div>
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<tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Jesus in the Synoptic Gospels</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Jesus in the Gospel of John</th></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Begins with Jesus' baptism or birth to a virgin.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5GIntro_92-4" style="font-size: 9.968px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-5GIntro-92" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[80]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Begins with creation, with no birth story.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5GIntro_92-5" style="font-size: 9.968px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-5GIntro-92" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[80]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Jesus is baptized by John the Baptist.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5GIntro_92-6" style="font-size: 9.968px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-5GIntro-92" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[80]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Baptism presupposed but not mentioned.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5GIntro_92-7" style="font-size: 9.968px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-5GIntro-92" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[80]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Jesus teaches in parables and aphorisms.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5GIntro_92-8" style="font-size: 9.968px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-5GIntro-92" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[80]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Jesus teaches in long, involved discourses.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5GIntro_92-9" style="font-size: 9.968px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-5GIntro-92" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[80]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Jesus teaches primarily about the Kingdom of God, little about himself.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5GIntro_92-10" style="font-size: 9.968px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-5GIntro-92" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[80]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Jesus teaches primarily and extensively about himself.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5GIntro_92-11" style="font-size: 9.968px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-5GIntro-92" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[80]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Jesus speaks up for the poor and oppressed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5GIntro_92-12" style="font-size: 9.968px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-5GIntro-92" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[80]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Jesus says little to nothing about the poor or oppressed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5GIntro_92-13" style="font-size: 9.968px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-5GIntro-92" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[80]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Jesus exorcises demons.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitherington1997113_115-0" style="font-size: 9.968px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitherington1997113-115" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[103]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Jesus does not exorcise demons.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitherington1997113_115-1" style="font-size: 9.968px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitherington1997113-115" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[103]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Peter confesses who Jesus is.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitherington1997113_115-2" style="font-size: 9.968px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitherington1997113-115" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[103]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Peter gives no confession.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitherington1997113_115-3" style="font-size: 9.968px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitherington1997113-115" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[103]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Jesus does not wash his hands.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitherington1997113_115-4" style="font-size: 9.968px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitherington1997113-115" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[103]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Jesus is not said to not wash his hands.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitherington1997113_115-5" style="font-size: 9.968px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitherington1997113-115" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[103]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Jesus' disciples do not fast.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitherington1997113_115-6" style="font-size: 9.968px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitherington1997113-115" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[103]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">No mention of disciples not fasting.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitherington1997113_115-7" style="font-size: 9.968px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitherington1997113-115" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[103]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Jesus' disciples pick grain on the Sabbath.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitherington1997113_115-8" style="font-size: 9.968px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitherington1997113-115" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[103]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Disciples do not pick grain on the Sabbath.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitherington1997113_115-9" style="font-size: 9.968px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitherington1997113-115" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[103]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Jesus is transfigured.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitherington1997113_115-10" style="font-size: 9.968px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitherington1997113-115" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[103]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Jesus is not transfigured.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitherington1997113_115-11" style="font-size: 9.968px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitherington1997113-115" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[103]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Jesus attends one Passover festival.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-numPassover_116-0" style="font-size: 9.968px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-numPassover-116" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[104]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Jesus attends three or four Passover festivals.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-numPassover_116-1" style="font-size: 9.968px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-numPassover-116" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[104]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Cleansing of the Temple occurs late.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5GIntro_92-14" style="font-size: 9.968px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-5GIntro-92" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[80]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Cleansing of the Temple is early.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5GIntro_92-15" style="font-size: 9.968px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-5GIntro-92" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[80]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Jesus ushers in a new covenant with a last supper.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5GIntro_92-16" style="font-size: 9.968px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-5GIntro-92" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[80]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Jesus washes the disciples' feet.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5GIntro_92-17" style="font-size: 9.968px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-5GIntro-92" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[80]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Jesus prays to be spared his death.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5GIntro_92-18" style="font-size: 9.968px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-5GIntro-92" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[80]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Jesus shows no weakness in the face of death.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5GIntro_92-19" style="font-size: 9.968px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-5GIntro-92" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[80]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Jesus is betrayed with a kiss.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5GIntro_92-20" style="font-size: 9.968px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-5GIntro-92" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[80]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Jesus announces his identity.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5GIntro_92-21" style="font-size: 9.968px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-5GIntro-92" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[80]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Jesus is arrested by Jewish leaders.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5GIntro_92-22" style="font-size: 9.968px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-5GIntro-92" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[80]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Jesus is arrested by Roman and Temple guards.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5GIntro_92-23" style="font-size: 9.968px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-5GIntro-92" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[80]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Simon of Cyrene helps Jesus carry his cross.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5GIntro_92-24" style="font-size: 9.968px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-5GIntro-92" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[80]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Jesus carries his cross alone.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5GIntro_92-25" style="font-size: 9.968px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-5GIntro-92" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[80]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Temple curtain tears at Jesus' death.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5GIntro_92-26" style="font-size: 9.968px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-5GIntro-92" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[80]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Jesus' side is pierced with a lance.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5GIntro_92-27" style="font-size: 9.968px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-5GIntro-92" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[80]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Many women visit Jesus' tomb.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5GIntro_92-28" style="font-size: 9.968px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-5GIntro-92" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[80]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Only Mary Magdalene visits Jesus' tomb.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5GIntro_92-29" style="font-size: 9.968px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-5GIntro-92" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[80]</a></sup></td></tr>
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The Synoptics emphasize different aspects of Jesus. In Mark, Jesus is the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son of God</a> whose mighty works demonstrate the presence of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God%27s_Kingdom" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="God's Kingdom">God's Kingdom</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-May_Metzger_Mark_93-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-May_Metzger_Mark-93" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[81]</a></sup> He is a tireless wonder worker, the servant of both God and man.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ThompsonPortraits_117-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-ThompsonPortraits-117" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[105]</a></sup> This short gospel records few of Jesus' words or teachings.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-May_Metzger_Mark_93-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-May_Metzger_Mark-93" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[81]</a></sup> The Gospel of Matthew emphasizes that Jesus is the fulfillment of God's will as revealed in the Old Testament, and he is the Lord of the Church.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-May_Metzger_Matthew_118-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-May_Metzger_Matthew-118" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[106]</a></sup> He is the "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davidic_line" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Davidic line">Son of David</a>", a "king", and the Messiah.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ThompsonPortraits_117-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-ThompsonPortraits-117" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[105]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath20064–6_20-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath20064%E2%80%936-20" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ehrman_Jesus_became_God_21-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Ehrman_Jesus_became_God-21" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup> Luke presents Jesus as the divine-human savior who shows compassion to the needy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-May_Metzger_Luke_119-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-May_Metzger_Luke-119" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[107]</a></sup> He is the friend of sinners and outcasts, come to seek and save the lost.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ThompsonPortraits_117-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-ThompsonPortraits-117" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[105]</a></sup> This gospel includes Jesus' most beloved parables, such as the Good Samaritan and the Prodigal Son.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-May_Metzger_Luke_119-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-May_Metzger_Luke-119" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[107]</a></sup></div>
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The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_1:1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John 1:1">prologue to the Gospel of John</a> identifies Jesus as an incarnation of the divine Word (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logos_(Christianity)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Logos (Christianity)">Logos</a>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MayMetzgerJohn_120-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-MayMetzgerJohn-120" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[108]</a></sup> As the Word, Jesus was eternally present with God, active in all creation, and the source of humanity's moral and spiritual nature.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MayMetzgerJohn_120-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-MayMetzgerJohn-120" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[108]</a></sup> Jesus is not only greater than any past human prophet but greater than any prophet could be. He not only speaks God's Word; he is God's Word.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1985302–10_121-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1985302%E2%80%9310-121" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[109]</a></sup> In the Gospel of John, Jesus reveals his divine role publicly. Here he is the Bread of Life, the Light of the World, the True Vine and more.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ThompsonPortraits_117-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-ThompsonPortraits-117" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[105]</a></sup></div>
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In general, the authors of the New Testament showed little interest in an absolute chronology of Jesus or in synchronizing the episodes of his life with the secular history of the age.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahner2004730–31_122-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahner2004730%E2%80%9331-122" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[110]</a></sup> As stated in <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/John#21:25" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/John">John 21:25</a>, the gospels do not claim to provide an exhaustive list of the events in the life of Jesus.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-123" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-123" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[111]</a></sup> The accounts were primarily written as theological documents in the context of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Christianity" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Early Christianity">early Christianity</a>, with timelines as a secondary consideration.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wiarda75_124-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Wiarda75-124" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[112]</a></sup> In this respect, it is noteworthy that the Gospels devote about one third of their text to the last week of the life of Jesus in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, referred to as <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passion_(Christianity)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Passion (Christianity)">the Passion</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Turner613_125-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Turner613-125" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[113]</a></sup> Although the gospels do not provide enough details to satisfy the demands of modern historians regarding exact dates, it is possible to draw from them a general picture of the life story of Jesus.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders19933_102-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders19933-102" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[90]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahner2004730–31_122-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahner2004730%E2%80%9331-122" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[110]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wiarda75_124-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Wiarda75-124" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[112]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Genealogy_and_nativity">Genealogy and nativity</span></h3>
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Main articles: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Genealogy of Jesus">Genealogy of Jesus</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a></div>
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Jesus was Jewish,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Vermes_1981_18-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Vermes_1981-18" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup> born by Mary, wife of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Joseph" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a> (<span class="nourlexpansion nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+1&version=NRSV" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">Matthew 1</a></span>; <span class="nourlexpansion nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+2&version=NRSV" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">Luke 2</a></span>). The Gospels of Matthew and Luke offer two accounts of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Genealogy of Jesus">genealogy of Jesus</a>. Matthew traces Jesus' ancestry to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> through <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="David">David</a> (<span class="nourlexpansion nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+1%3A1%E2%80%9316&version=NRSV" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">1:1–16</a></span>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders199380–91_126-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders199380%E2%80%9391-126" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[114]</a></sup> Luke traces Jesus' ancestry through <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Adam">Adam</a> to God (<span class="nourlexpansion nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+3%3A23%E2%80%9338&version=NRSV" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">3:23–38</a></span>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1978163_127-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1978163-127" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[115]</a></sup> The lists are identical between Abraham and David, but differ radically from that point. Matthew has twenty-seven generations from David to Joseph, whereas Luke has forty-two, with almost no overlap between the names on the two lists.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-128" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-128" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[m]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-129" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-129" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[116]</a></sup> Various theories have been put forward seeking to explain why the two genealogies are so different.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-130" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-130" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[n]</a></sup></div>
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<i>Adoration of the Shepherds</i> (1622) by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_van_Honthorst" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gerard van Honthorst">Gerard van Honthorst</a></div>
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Matthew and Luke each describe Jesus' birth, especially that Jesus was born by a virgin named Mary in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a> in fulfillment of prophecy. Luke's account emphasizes events before the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nativity of Jesus">birth of Jesus</a> and centers on Mary, while Matthew's mostly covers those after the birth and centers on Joseph.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillsBullard1998556_131-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillsBullard1998556-131" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[117]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-marsh37_132-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-marsh37-132" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[118]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris199226_133-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris199226-133" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[119]</a></sup> Both accounts state that Jesus was born to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Joseph" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a> and Mary, his <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betrothed" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Betrothed">betrothed</a>, in Bethlehem, and both support the doctrine of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">virgin birth of Jesus</a>, according to which Jesus was miraculously conceived by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Spirit" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a> in Mary's womb when she was still a virgin.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Jeffrey_134-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Jeffrey-134" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[120]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoxEasley200730–37_135-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxEasley200730%E2%80%9337-135" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[121]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-136" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-136" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[122]</a></sup> At the same time, there is evidence, at least in the Lukan <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a>, that Jesus was thought to have had, like many figures in antiquity, a dual paternity, since there it is stated he descended from the seed or loins of David.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-137" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-137" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[123]</a></sup></div>
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In Matthew, Joseph is troubled because Mary, his betrothed, is pregnant (<span class="nourlexpansion nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+1%3A19%E2%80%9320&version=NRSV" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">Matthew 1:19–20</a></span>), but in the first of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_dream" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="St. Joseph's dream">Joseph's three dreams</a> an angel assures him not to be afraid to take Mary as his wife, because her child was conceived by the Holy Spirit.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Talbert_138-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Talbert-138" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[124]</a></sup> In <span class="nourlexpansion nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+2%3A1%E2%80%9312&version=NRSV" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">Matthew 2:1–12</a></span>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Magi" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Biblical Magi">wise men</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magi" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Magi">Magi</a> from the East bring gifts to the young Jesus as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus,_King_of_the_Jews" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jesus, King of the Jews">King of the Jews</a>. They find Jesus in a house in Bethlehem and not a barn and Jesus is now a child and not an infant. Matthew focuses on an event after the Luke Nativity where Jesus was an infant. In Matthew <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herod_the_Great" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a> hears of Jesus' birth and, wanting him killed, orders the murders of male infants in Bethlehem under age of 2. But an angel warns Joseph in his second dream, and the family <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_to_Egypt" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Flight to Egypt">flees to Egypt</a>—later to return and settle in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazareth" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Talbert_138-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Talbert-138" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[124]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1985272–85_139-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1985272%E2%80%9385-139" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[125]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-140" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-140" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[126]</a></sup></div>
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In <span class="nourlexpansion nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+1%3A31%E2%80%9338&version=NRSV" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">Luke 1:31–38</a></span>, Mary learns from the angel <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a> that she will conceive and bear a child called Jesus through the action of the Holy Spirit.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-marsh37_132-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-marsh37-132" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[118]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Jeffrey_134-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Jeffrey-134" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[120]</a></sup> When Mary is due to give birth, she and Joseph travel from Nazareth to Joseph's ancestral home in Bethlehem to register in the census ordered by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Augustus">Caesar Augustus</a>. While there Mary gives birth to Jesus, and as they have found no room in the inn, she places the newborn in a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manger" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Manger">manger</a> (<span class="nourlexpansion nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+2%3A1%E2%80%937&version=NRSV" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">Luke 2:1–7</a></span>). An <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation_to_the_shepherds" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Annunciation to the shepherds">angel announces the birth to some shepherds</a>, who go to Bethlehem to see Jesus, and subsequently spread the news abroad (<span class="nourlexpansion nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+2%3A8%E2%80%9320&version=NRSV" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">Luke 2:8–20</a></span>). After the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentation_of_Jesus_at_the_Temple" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Presentation of Jesus at the Temple">presentation of Jesus at the Temple</a>, Joseph, Mary and Jesus return to Nazareth.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-marsh37_132-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-marsh37-132" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[118]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Jeffrey_134-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Jeffrey-134" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[120]</a></sup></div>
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<span id="Early_life.2C_family.2C_and_profession"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_life,_family,_and_profession">Early life, family, and profession</span></h3>
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Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Child" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christ Child">Christ Child</a></div>
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See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_of_the_family_of_Jesus_to_Nazareth" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Return of the family of Jesus to Nazareth">Return of the family of Jesus to Nazareth</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unknown_years_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Unknown years of Jesus">Unknown years of Jesus</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Brothers of Jesus">Brothers of Jesus</a></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Holman_Hunt" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="William Holman Hunt">William Holman Hunt</a>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Finding_of_the_Saviour_in_the_Temple" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Finding of the Saviour in the Temple">The Finding of the Saviour in the Temple</a></i> (1860)</div>
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Jesus' childhood home is identified in the gospels of Luke and Matthew as the town of Nazareth in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilee" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Galilee">Galilee</a>, where he lived with his family. Although Joseph appears in descriptions of Jesus' childhood, no mention is made of him thereafter.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-141" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-141" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[127]</a></sup> His other family members—his mother, Mary, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Brothers of Jesus">his brothers</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="James, brother of Jesus">James</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joses,_brother_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Joses, brother of Jesus">Joses (or Joseph)</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jude,_brother_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jude, brother of Jesus">Judas</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon,_brother_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Simon, brother of Jesus">Simon</a> and his unnamed sisters—are mentioned in the gospels and other sources.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Aslan2013_142-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Aslan2013-142" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[128]</a></sup></div>
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The Gospel of Mark reports that Jesus comes into conflict with his neighbors and family.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1985270–72_143-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1985270%E2%80%9372-143" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[129]</a></sup> Jesus' mother and brothers come to get him (<span class="nourlexpansion nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark+3%3A31%E2%80%9335&version=NRSV" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">Mark 3:31–35</a></span>) because people are saying that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_health_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mental health of Jesus">he is crazy</a> (<span class="nourlexpansion nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark+3%3A21&version=NRSV" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">Mark 3:21</a></span>). Jesus responds that his followers are his true family. In John, Mary follows Jesus to his crucifixion, and he expresses concern over her well-being (<span class="nourlexpansion nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+19%3A25%E2%80%9327&version=NRSV" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">John 19:25–27</a></span>).</div>
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Jesus is called a τέκτων (<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekt%C5%8Dn" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tektōn">tektōn</a></i>) in <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Mark#6:3" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Mark">Mark 6:3</a>, traditionally understood as <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpenter" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Carpenter">carpenter</a> but could cover makers of objects in various materials, including builders.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-144" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-144" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[130]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickson200868–69_145-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickson200868%E2%80%9369-145" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[131]</a></sup> The gospels indicate that Jesus could read, paraphrase, and debate scripture, but this does not necessarily mean that he received formal scribal training.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-literacy_146-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-literacy-146" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[132]</a></sup></div>
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When Jesus is presented as a baby in the temple per Jewish Law, a man named <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeon_(Gospel_of_Luke)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Simeon (Gospel of Luke)">Simeon</a> says to Mary and Joseph that Jesus "shall stand as a sign of contradiction, while a sword will pierce your own soul. Then the secret thoughts of many will come to light" (<a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Luke#2:35" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Luke">Luke 2:28–35</a>). Several years later, when Jesus goes missing on a visit to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, his parents <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finding_in_the_Temple" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Finding in the Temple">find him in the temple</a> sitting among the teachers, listening to them and asking questions, and the people are amazed at his understanding and answers; Mary scolds Jesus for going missing, to which Jesus replies that he must "be in his father's house" (<span class="nourlexpansion nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+2%3A41%E2%80%9352&version=NRSV" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">Luke 2:41–52</a></span>).</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Baptism_and_temptation">Baptism and temptation</span></h3>
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Main articles: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism of Jesus</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temptation_of_Christ" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Temptation of Christ">Temptation of Christ</a></div>
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<i>The Baptism of Christ</i> (1895) by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ferraz_de_Almeida_J%C3%BAnior" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="José Ferraz de Almeida Júnior">Almeida Júnior</a></div>
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The Synoptic accounts of Jesus' baptism are all preceded by information about <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Baptist" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009224–29_147-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009224%E2%80%9329-147" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[133]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKöstenbergerKellumQuarles2009141–43_148-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK%C3%B6stenbergerKellumQuarles2009141%E2%80%9343-148" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[134]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath200616–22_149-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath200616%E2%80%9322-149" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[135]</a></sup> They show John preaching penance and repentance for the remission of sins and encouraging the giving of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alms" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Alms">alms</a> to the poor (<span class="nourlexpansion nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+3%3A11&version=NRSV" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">Luke 3:11</a></span>) as he baptizes people in the area of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_River" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a> around <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perea" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Perea">Perea</a> and foretells (<span class="nourlexpansion nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+3%3A16&version=NRSV" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">Luke 3:16</a></span>) the arrival of someone "more powerful" than he.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EerRoger_150-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-EerRoger-150" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[136]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Zanzig_151-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Zanzig-151" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[137]</a></sup> Later, Jesus identifies John as "the Elijah who was to come" (<span class="nourlexpansion nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+11%3A14&version=NRSV" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">Matthew 11:14</a></span>, <span class="nourlexpansion nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark+9%3A13%E2%80%9314&version=NRSV" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">Mark 9:13–14</a></span>), the prophet who was expected to arrive before the "great and terrible day of the Lord" (<a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Malachi#4:5" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Malachi">Malachi 4:5</a>). Likewise, Luke says that John had the spirit and power of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elijah" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Elijah">Elijah</a> (<span class="nourlexpansion nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+1%3A17&version=NRSV" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">Luke 1:17</a></span>).</div>
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In Mark, John baptizes Jesus, and as he comes out of the water he sees the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Spirit" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a> descending to him like a dove and he hears a voice from heaven declaring him to be God's Son (<span class="nourlexpansion nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark+1%3A9%E2%80%9311&version=NRSV" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">Mark 1:9–11</a></span>). This is one of two events described in the gospels where a voice from Heaven calls Jesus "Son", the other being the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Transfiguration</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200421–30_152-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200421%E2%80%9330-152" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[138]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nobbs_153-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Nobbs-153" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[139]</a></sup> The spirit then drives him into the wilderness where he is tempted by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Satan">Satan</a> (<span class="nourlexpansion nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark+1%3A12%E2%80%9313&version=NRSV" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">Mark 1:12–13</a></span>). Jesus then begins his ministry after John's arrest (<span class="nourlexpansion nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark+1%3A14&version=NRSV" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">Mark 1:14</a></span>). Jesus' baptism in Matthew is similar. Here, before Jesus' baptism, John protests, saying, "I need to be baptized by you" (<span class="nourlexpansion nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+3%3A14&version=NRSV" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">Matthew 3:14</a></span>). Jesus instructs him to carry on with the baptism "to fulfill all righteousness" (<span class="nourlexpansion nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+3%3A15&version=NRSV" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">Matthew 3:15</a></span>). Matthew also details the three temptations that Satan offers Jesus in the wilderness (<span class="nourlexpansion nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+4%3A3%E2%80%9311&version=NRSV" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">Matthew 4:3–11</a></span>). In Luke, the Holy Spirit descends as a dove after everyone has been baptized and Jesus is praying (<span class="nourlexpansion nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+3%3A21%E2%80%9322&version=NRSV" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">Luke 3:21–22</a></span>). John implicitly recognizes Jesus from prison after sending his followers to ask about him (<span class="nourlexpansion nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+7%3A18%E2%80%9323&version=NRSV" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">Luke 7:18–23</a></span>). Jesus' baptism and temptation serve as preparation for his public ministry.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-154" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-154" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[140]</a></sup></div>
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The Gospel of John leaves out Jesus' baptism and temptation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Jesus_Christ_155-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Jesus_Christ-155" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[141]</a></sup> Here, John the Baptist testifies that he saw the Spirit descend on Jesus (<span class="nourlexpansion nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+1%3A32&version=NRSV" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">John 1:32</a></span>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Zanzig_151-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Zanzig-151" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[137]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoringCraddock2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidN0tLXRIiIe0ClpgPA292pgPA292vonepageq22the20baptist22_292]_156-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoringCraddock2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidN0tLXRIiIe0ClpgPA292pgPA292vonepageq22the20baptist22_292]-156" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[142]</a></sup> John publicly proclaims Jesus as the sacrificial <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamb_of_God" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lamb of God">Lamb of God</a>, and some of John's followers become disciples of Jesus.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199817–62_107-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199817%E2%80%9362-107" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[95]</a></sup> In this Gospel, John denies that he is Elijah (<span class="nourlexpansion nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+1%3A21&version=NRSV" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">John 1:21</a></span>). Before John is imprisoned, Jesus leads his followers to baptize disciples as well (<span class="nourlexpansion nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+3%3A22%E2%80%9324&version=NRSV" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">John 3:22–24</a></span>), and they baptize more people than John (<span class="nourlexpansion nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+4%3A1&version=NRSV" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">John 4:1</a></span>).</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Public_ministry"><span id="Ministry"></span>Public ministry</span></h3>
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Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry of Jesus</a></div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Jesus sits atop a mount, preaching to a crowd" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1545" data-file-width="1377" decoding="async" height="247" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg/220px-Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg/330px-Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg/440px-Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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A 19th-century painting depicting the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a>, by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Bloch" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Carl Bloch">Carl Bloch</a></div>
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The Synoptics depict two distinct geographical settings in Jesus' ministry. The first takes place north of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Judea">Judea</a>, in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilee" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Galilee">Galilee</a>, where Jesus conducts a successful ministry; and the second shows Jesus rejected and killed when he travels to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ISBEO_35-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-ISBEO-35" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup> Often referred to as "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbi" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a>",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ISBEO_35-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-ISBEO-35" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup> Jesus preaches his message orally.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Dunn2013_34-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Dunn2013-34" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[25]</a></sup> Notably, Jesus forbids those who recognize him as the Messiah to speak of it, including people he heals and demons he exorcises (see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messianic_Secret" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Messianic Secret">Messianic Secret</a>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1985285–96_157-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1985285%E2%80%9396-157" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[143]</a></sup></div>
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John depicts Jesus' ministry as largely taking place in and around Jerusalem, rather than in Galilee; and Jesus' divine identity is openly proclaimed and immediately recognized.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1985302–10_121-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1985302%E2%80%9310-121" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[109]</a></sup></div>
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Scholars divide the ministry of Jesus into several stages. The Galilean ministry begins when Jesus returns to Galilee from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaean_Desert" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Judaean Desert">Judaean Desert</a> after rebuffing the temptation of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Satan">Satan</a>. Jesus preaches around Galilee, and in <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Matthew#4:18" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew">Matthew 4:18–20</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_disciples_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="First disciples of Jesus">his first disciples</a>, who will eventually form the core of the early Church, encounter him and begin to travel with him.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath200616–22_149-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath200616%E2%80%9322-149" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[135]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedford2007117–30_158-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTERedford2007117%E2%80%9330-158" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[144]</a></sup> This period includes the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a>, one of Jesus' major discourses,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedford2007117–30_158-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTERedford2007117%E2%80%9330-158" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[144]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-159" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-159" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[145]</a></sup> as well as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calming_the_storm" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Calming the storm">calming of the storm</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feeding_the_multitude" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Feeding the multitude">feeding of the 5,000</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_walking_on_water" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jesus walking on water">walking on water</a> and a number of other miracles and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Parables of Jesus">parables</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedford2007143–60_160-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTERedford2007143%E2%80%9360-160" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[146]</a></sup> It ends with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confession_of_Peter" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Confession of Peter">Confession of Peter</a> and the Transfiguration.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-161" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-161" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[147]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Barton132_162-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Barton132-162" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[148]</a></sup></div>
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As Jesus travels towards Jerusalem, in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perea" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Perea">Perean</a> ministry, he returns to the area where he was baptized, about a third of the way down from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a> along the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_River" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a> (<a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/John#10:40" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/John">John 10:40–42</a>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoxEasley2007137_163-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxEasley2007137-163" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[149]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedford2007211–29_164-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTERedford2007211%E2%80%9329-164" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[150]</a></sup> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus#Final_ministry_in_Jerusalem" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ministry of Jesus">final ministry in Jerusalem</a> begins with Jesus' <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumphal_entry_into_Jerusalem" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Triumphal entry into Jerusalem">triumphal entry</a> into the city on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Sunday" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Palm Sunday">Palm Sunday</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoxEasley2007155–70_165-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxEasley2007155%E2%80%9370-165" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[151]</a></sup> In the Synoptic Gospels, during that week Jesus <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleansing_of_the_Temple" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cleansing of the Temple">drives the money changers</a> from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Temple" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bargain_of_Judas" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bargain of Judas">Judas bargains to betray</a> him. This period culminates in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Supper" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farewell_Discourse" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Farewell Discourse">Farewell Discourse</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009224–29_147-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009224%E2%80%9329-147" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[133]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoxEasley2007155–70_165-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxEasley2007155%E2%80%9370-165" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[151]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedford2007257–74_166-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTERedford2007257%E2%80%9374-166" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[152]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Disciples_and_followers">Disciples and followers</span></h4>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Exhortation_to_the_Apostles_(Recommandation_aux_ap%C3%B4tres)_-_James_Tissot.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="546" data-file-width="742" decoding="async" height="162" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Exhortation_to_the_Apostles_%28Recommandation_aux_ap%C3%B4tres%29_-_James_Tissot.jpg/220px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Exhortation_to_the_Apostles_%28Recommandation_aux_ap%C3%B4tres%29_-_James_Tissot.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Exhortation_to_the_Apostles_%28Recommandation_aux_ap%C3%B4tres%29_-_James_Tissot.jpg/330px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Exhortation_to_the_Apostles_%28Recommandation_aux_ap%C3%B4tres%29_-_James_Tissot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Exhortation_to_the_Apostles_%28Recommandation_aux_ap%C3%B4tres%29_-_James_Tissot.jpg/440px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Exhortation_to_the_Apostles_%28Recommandation_aux_ap%C3%B4tres%29_-_James_Tissot.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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<i>The Exhortation to the Apostles</i>, by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tissot" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="James Tissot">James Tissot</a>, portrays Jesus talking to his 12 disciples</div>
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Near the beginning of his ministry, Jesus <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">appoints twelve apostles</a>. In Matthew and Mark, despite Jesus only briefly requesting that they join him, Jesus' first four apostles, who were fishermen, are described as immediately consenting, and abandoning their nets and boats to do so (<a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Matthew#4:18" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew">Matthew 4:18–22</a>, <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Mark#1:16" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Mark">Mark 1:16–20</a>). In John, Jesus' first two apostles were disciples of John the Baptist. The Baptist sees Jesus and calls him the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamb_of_God" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lamb of God">Lamb of God</a>; the two hear this and follow Jesus.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown198825–27_167-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown198825%E2%80%9327-167" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[153]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoringCraddock2004292–93_168-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoringCraddock2004292%E2%80%9393-168" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[154]</a></sup> In addition to the Twelve Apostles, the opening of the passage of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Plain" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sermon on the Plain">Sermon on the Plain</a> identifies a much larger group of people as disciples (<a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Luke#6:17" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Luke">Luke 6:17</a>). Also, in <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Luke#10:1" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Luke">Luke 10:1–16</a> Jesus sends <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventy_disciples" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Seventy disciples">seventy or seventy-two of his followers</a> in pairs to prepare towns for his prospective visit. They are instructed to accept hospitality, heal the sick and spread the word that the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kingship and kingdom of God">Kingdom of God</a> is coming.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-169" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-169" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[155]</a></sup></div>
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In Mark, the disciples are notably obtuse. They fail to understand Jesus' miracles (<span class="nourlexpansion nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark+4%3A35%E2%80%9341&version=NRSV" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">Mark 4:35–41</a></span>, <span class="nourlexpansion nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark+6%3A52&version=NRSV" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">Mark 6:52</a></span>), his parables (<span class="nourlexpansion nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark+4%3A13&version=NRSV" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">Mark 4:13</a></span>), or what "rising from the dead" would mean (<span class="nourlexpansion nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark+9%3A9%E2%80%9310&version=NRSV" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">Mark 9:9–10</a></span>). When Jesus is later arrested, they desert him.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1985285–96_157-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1985285%E2%80%9396-157" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[143]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Teachings_and_miracles"><span id="Teachings_and_preachings"></span>Teachings and miracles</span></h4>
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Main articles: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables of Jesus</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles of Jesus</a></div>
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See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Plain" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sermon on the Plain">Sermon on the Plain</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Discourses_of_Matthew" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Five Discourses of Matthew">Five Discourses of Matthew</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farewell_Discourse" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Farewell Discourse">Farewell Discourse</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bread_of_Life_Discourse" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bread of Life Discourse">Bread of Life Discourse</a></div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hoffman-ChristAndTheRichYoungRuler.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="3412" data-file-width="4324" decoding="async" height="174" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Hoffman-ChristAndTheRichYoungRuler.jpg/220px-Hoffman-ChristAndTheRichYoungRuler.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Hoffman-ChristAndTheRichYoungRuler.jpg/330px-Hoffman-ChristAndTheRichYoungRuler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Hoffman-ChristAndTheRichYoungRuler.jpg/440px-Hoffman-ChristAndTheRichYoungRuler.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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<a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hoffman-ChristAndTheRichYoungRuler.jpg" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2215%22 height=%2211%22 viewBox=%220 0 11 15%22%3E %3Cg id=%22magnify-clip%22 fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%23000%22%3E %3Cpath id=%22bigbox%22 d=%22M1.509 1.865h10.99v7.919H1.509z%22/%3E %3Cpath id=%22smallbox%22 d=%22M-1.499 6.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #0b0080; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_and_the_rich_young_man" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jesus and the rich young man">Jesus and the rich young man</a></i> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Hofmann_(painter)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Heinrich Hofmann (painter)">Heinrich Hofmann</a>, 1889</div>
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In the Synoptics, Jesus teaches extensively, often in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parable" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Parable">parables</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998316–46_170-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998316%E2%80%9346-170" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[156]</a></sup> about the Kingdom of God (or, in Matthew, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Heaven_(Gospel_of_Matthew)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kingdom of Heaven (Gospel of Matthew)">Kingdom of Heaven</a>). The Kingdom is described as both imminent (<a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Mark#1:15" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Mark">Mark 1:15</a>) and already present in the ministry of Jesus (<span class="nourlexpansion nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+17%3A21&version=NRSV" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">Luke 17:21</a></span>). Jesus promises inclusion in the Kingdom for those who accept his message (<span class="nourlexpansion nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark+10%3A13%E2%80%9327&version=NRSV" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">Mark 10:13–27</a></span>). Jesus talks of the "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_of_man" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Son of man">Son of Man</a>," an <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocalypse" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Apocalypse">apocalyptic</a> figure who would come to gather the chosen.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Britannica_54-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Britannica-54" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[44]</a></sup></div>
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Jesus calls people to repent their sins and to devote themselves completely to God.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Britannica_54-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Britannica-54" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[44]</a></sup> Jesus tells his followers to adhere to <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_law" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jewish law">Jewish law</a>, although he is perceived by some to have broken the law himself, for example regarding the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbath" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sabbath">Sabbath</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Britannica_54-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Britannica-54" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[44]</a></sup> When asked what the greatest commandment is, Jesus replies: "You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your mind ... And a second is like it: 'You shall love your neighbor as yourself" (<a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Matthew#22:37" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew">Matthew 22:37–39</a>). Other ethical teachings of Jesus include <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_5:44" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Matthew 5:44">loving your enemies</a>, refraining from hatred and lust, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turning_the_other_cheek" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Turning the other cheek">turning the other cheek</a>, and forgiving people who have sinned against you (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sermon on the Mount">Matthew 5–7</a>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-171" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-171" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[157]</a></sup></div>
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John's Gospel presents the teachings of Jesus not merely as his own preaching, but as divine <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revelation" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Revelation">revelation</a>. John the Baptist, for example, states in <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/John#3:34" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/John">John 3:34</a>: "He whom God has sent speaks the words of God, for he gives the Spirit without measure." In <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/John#7:16" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/John">John 7:16</a> Jesus says, "My teaching is not mine but his who sent me." He asserts the same thing in <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/John#14:10" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/John">John 14:10</a>: "Do you not believe that I am in the Father and the Father is in me? The words that I say to you I do not speak on my own; but the Father who dwells in me does his works."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-autogenerated98_172-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-autogenerated98-172" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[158]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-173" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-173" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[159]</a></sup></div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christ_cleans_leper_man.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Jesus, his head surrounded by a halo, puts his hands on a leper, thereby healing him" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="985" data-file-width="689" decoding="async" height="243" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Christ_cleans_leper_man.jpg/170px-Christ_cleans_leper_man.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Christ_cleans_leper_man.jpg/255px-Christ_cleans_leper_man.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Christ_cleans_leper_man.jpg/340px-Christ_cleans_leper_man.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="170" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_cleansing_a_leper" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jesus cleansing a leper">Jesus cleansing a leper</a>, medieval <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a> from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monreale_Cathedral" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Monreale Cathedral">Monreale Cathedral</a>, late 12th to mid-13th centuries</div>
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Approximately thirty parables form about one third of Jesus' recorded teachings.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-autogenerated98_172-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-autogenerated98-172" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[158]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-174" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-174" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[160]</a></sup> The parables appear within longer sermons and at other places in the narrative.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-175" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-175" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[161]</a></sup> They often contain symbolism, and usually relate the physical world to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirituality" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Spirituality">spiritual</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-176" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-176" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[162]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-177" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-177" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[163]</a></sup> Common themes in these tales include the kindness and generosity of God and the perils of transgression.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-178" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-178" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[164]</a></sup> Some of his parables, such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parable_of_the_Prodigal_Son" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Parable of the Prodigal Son">Prodigal Son</a> (<a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Luke#15:11" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Luke">Luke 15:11–32</a>), are relatively simple, while others, such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parable_of_the_Growing_Seed" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Parable of the Growing Seed">Growing Seed</a> (<a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Mark#4:26" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Mark">Mark 4:26–29</a>), are sophisticated, profound and abstruse.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-179" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-179" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[165]</a></sup> When asked by his disciples about why he speaks in parables to the people, Jesus replies that the chosen disciples have been given to "know the secrets of the kingdom of heaven", unlike the rest of their people, "For the one who has will be given more and he will have in abundance. But the one who does not have will be deprived even more.", going on to say that the majority of their generation have grown "dull hearts" and thus are unable to understand (<a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Matthew#13:10" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew">Matthew 13:10–17</a>).</div>
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In the gospel accounts, Jesus devotes a large portion of his ministry performing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracle" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Miracle">miracles</a>, especially healings.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenMcKnightMarshall1992299_180-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenMcKnightMarshall1992299-180" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[166]</a></sup> The miracles can be classified into two main categories: healing miracles and nature miracles.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwelftree1999350_181-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwelftree1999350-181" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[167]</a></sup> The healing miracles include cures for physical ailments, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exorcism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Exorcism">exorcisms</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitherington1997113_115-12" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitherington1997113-115" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[103]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998298_182-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998298-182" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[168]</a></sup> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection_of_the_dead" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Resurrection of the dead">resurrections of the dead</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenMcKnightMarshall1992300_183-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenMcKnightMarshall1992300-183" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[169]</a></sup> The nature miracles show Jesus' power over nature, and include <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turning_water_into_wine" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Turning water into wine">turning water into wine</a>, walking on water, and calming a storm, among others. Jesus states that his miracles are from a divine source. When Jesus' opponents suddenly accuse him of performing exorcisms by the power of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beelzebul" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Beelzebul">Beelzebul</a>, the prince of demons, Jesus counters that he performs them by the "Spirit of God" (<a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Matthew#12:28" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew">Matthew 12:28</a>) or "finger of God", arguing that all logic suggests that Satan would not let his demons assist the Children of God because it would divide Satan's house and bring his kingdom to desolation; furthermore, he asks his opponents that if he exorcises by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beelzebub" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Beelzebub">Beel'zebub</a>, "by whom do your sons cast them out?"(<a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Luke#11:20" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Luke">Luke 11:20</a>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Britannica2_184-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Britannica2-184" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[170]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-185" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-185" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[171]</a></sup> In <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Matthew#12:28" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew">Matthew 12:31–32</a>, he goes on to say that while all manner of sin, "even insults against God" or "insults against the son of man", shall be forgiven, whoever insults goodness (or "The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Spirit" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>") shall never be forgiven; he/she carries the guilt of his/her sin forever.</div>
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In John, Jesus' miracles are described as "signs", performed to prove his mission and divinity.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sign_186-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Sign-186" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[172]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-187" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-187" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[173]</a></sup> However, in the Synoptics, when asked by some teachers of the Law and some Pharisees to give miraculous signs to prove his authority, Jesus refuses,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sign_186-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Sign-186" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[172]</a></sup> saying that no sign shall come to corrupt and evil people except the sign of the prophet <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonah" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jonah">Jonah</a>. Also, in the Synoptic Gospels, the crowds regularly respond to Jesus' miracles with awe and press on him to heal their sick. In John's Gospel, Jesus is presented as unpressured by the crowds, who often respond to his miracles with trust and faith.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwelftree1999236_188-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwelftree1999236-188" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[174]</a></sup> One characteristic shared among all miracles of Jesus in the gospel accounts is that he performed them freely and never requested or accepted any form of payment.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-189" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-189" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[175]</a></sup> The gospel episodes that include descriptions of the miracles of Jesus also often include teachings, and the miracles themselves involve an element of teaching.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-WPent212_190-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-WPent212-190" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[176]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwelftree199995_191-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwelftree199995-191" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[177]</a></sup> Many of the miracles teach the importance of faith. In the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleansing_ten_lepers" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cleansing ten lepers">cleansing of ten lepers</a> and the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daughter_of_Jairus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Daughter of Jairus">raising of Jairus' daughter</a>, for instance, the beneficiaries are told that their healing was due to their faith.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonahueHarrington2002182_192-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonahueHarrington2002182-192" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[178]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-193" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-193" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[179]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Proclamation_as_Christ_and_Transfiguration">Proclamation as Christ and Transfiguration</span></h4>
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Main articles: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confession_of_Peter" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Confession of Peter">Confession of Peter</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Transfiguration of Jesus</a></div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Transfigurationbloch.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="912" data-file-width="734" decoding="async" height="273" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Transfigurationbloch.jpg/220px-Transfigurationbloch.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Transfigurationbloch.jpg/330px-Transfigurationbloch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Transfigurationbloch.jpg/440px-Transfigurationbloch.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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<a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Transfigurationbloch.jpg" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2215%22 height=%2211%22 viewBox=%220 0 11 15%22%3E %3Cg id=%22magnify-clip%22 fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%23000%22%3E %3Cpath id=%22bigbox%22 d=%22M1.509 1.865h10.99v7.919H1.509z%22/%3E %3Cpath id=%22smallbox%22 d=%22M-1.499 6.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #0b0080; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Transfiguration of Jesus</a>, depicted by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Bloch" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Carl Bloch">Carl Bloch</a>, 19th century</div>
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At about the middle of each of the three Synoptic Gospels are two significant events: the Confession of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Peter" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a> and the Transfiguration of Jesus.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Barton132_162-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Barton132-162" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[148]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-KingsburyMark_194-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-KingsburyMark-194" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[180]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200421–30_152-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200421%E2%80%9330-152" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[138]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nobbs_153-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Nobbs-153" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[139]</a></sup> These two events are not mentioned in the Gospel of John.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005John,_Gospel_of_195-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005John,_Gospel_of-195" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[181]</a></sup></div>
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In his Confession, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Peter" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a> tells Jesus, "You are the Messiah, the Son of the living God."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Karris_196-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Karris-196" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[182]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-197" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-197" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[183]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonahueHarrington2002336_198-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonahueHarrington2002336-198" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[184]</a></sup> Jesus affirms that Peter's confession is divinely revealed truth.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-OneTeacher_199-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-OneTeacher-199" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[185]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPannenberg196853–54_200-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPannenberg196853%E2%80%9354-200" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[186]</a></sup> After the confession, Jesus tells his disciples about his upcoming death and resurrection (Matthew 16:21, Mark 8:31, Luke 9:22)</div>
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In the Transfiguration (<a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Matthew#17:1" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew">Matthew 17:1–9</a>, <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Mark#9:2" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Mark">Mark 9:2–8</a>, and <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Luke#9:28" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Luke">Luke 9:28–36</a>),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200421–30_152-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200421%E2%80%9330-152" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[138]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nobbs_153-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Nobbs-153" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[139]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Barton132_162-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Barton132-162" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[148]</a></sup> Jesus takes Peter and two other apostles up an unnamed mountain, where "he was transfigured before them, and his face shone like the sun, and his clothes became dazzling white."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200472–76_201-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200472%E2%80%9376-201" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[187]</a></sup> A bright cloud appears around them, and a voice from the cloud says, "This is my Son, the Beloved; with him I am well pleased; listen to him" (<a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Matthew#17:1" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew">Matthew 17:1–9</a>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200421–30_152-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200421%E2%80%9330-152" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[138]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Self-identification">Self-identification</span></h3>
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Jesus identifies himself as a Jew to the Samaritan woman at the well,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-202" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-202" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[188]</a></sup> as evidenced by the plural we and the saying "salvation is from the Jews"—a saying that is in accordance with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvation" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Salvation">Jewish concept of salvation</a>, and is a possible reference to Isaiah 49:6.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-203" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-203" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[189]</a></sup> When the woman says she is awaiting the messiah Jesus replies that he is the one she is awaiting.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-204" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-204" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[190]</a></sup> During the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanukkah" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hanukkah">Feast of Dedication</a> Jesus says "I and the Father are one,"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-205" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-205" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[191]</a></sup> which prompts the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_and_corporal_punishment_in_Judaism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Capital and corporal punishment in Judaism">Jewish leaders to attempt to stone him</a> for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blasphemy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Blasphemy">blasphemy</a> (claiming to be God).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-206" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-206" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[192]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_am_(biblical_term)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="I am (biblical term)">Seven "I am" sayings</a> are attributed to Jesus: he is the bread of life that makes one no longer hunger or thirst;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-207" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-207" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[193]</a></sup> the light of the world that makes one no longer walk in darkness but have the light of life;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-208" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-208" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[194]</a></sup> the gate through which one is saved;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-209" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-209" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[195]</a></sup> the good shepherd that lays down his life for his sheep;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-210" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-210" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[196]</a></sup> the resurrection and the life that gives one <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternal_life_(Christianity)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eternal life (Christianity)">eternal life</a>;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-211" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-211" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[197]</a></sup> the way, the truth, and the life throug which one goes to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_the_Father" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="God the Father">God the Father</a>;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-212" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-212" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[198]</a></sup> and the true vine of God's vineyard.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-213" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-213" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[199]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Mannerism">Mannerism</span></h3>
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In the Synoptics Jesus and his disciples do not wash their hands before eating a meal, contrary to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handwashing_in_Judaism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Handwashing in Judaism">handwashing in Judaism</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-214" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-214" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[200]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-215" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-215" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[201]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-216" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-216" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[202]</a></sup> Jesus' disciples also do not practice <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%27anit" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ta'anit">ta'anit</a>, contrary to John the Baptist's disciples.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-217" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-217" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[203]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-218" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-218" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[204]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-219" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-219" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[205]</a></sup> Jesus' disciples even pick and eat grain on the Sabbath, contrary to the Pharisees.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-220" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-220" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[206]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-221" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-221" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[207]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-222" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-222" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[208]</a></sup> None of this behavior is found in the Gospel of John.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Passion_Week">Passion Week</span></h3>
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The description of the last week of the life of Jesus (often called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passion_Week" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Passion Week">Passion Week</a>) occupies about one third of the narrative in the canonical gospels,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Turner613_125-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Turner613-125" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[113]</a></sup> starting with Jesus' <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumphal_entry_into_Jerusalem" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Triumphal entry into Jerusalem">triumphal entry into Jerusalem</a> and ending with his Crucifixion.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009224–29_147-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009224%E2%80%9329-147" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[133]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoxEasley2007155–70_165-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxEasley2007155%E2%80%9370-165" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[151]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Activities_in_Jerusalem">Activities in Jerusalem</span></h4>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_L%27entr%C3%A9e_du_Christ_%C3%A0_J%C3%A9rusalem_-_cadre.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Jesus, riding a donkey colt, rides towards Jerusalem. A large crowd greets him outside the walls." class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1422" data-file-width="2191" decoding="async" height="169" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_L%27entr%C3%A9e_du_Christ_%C3%A0_J%C3%A9rusalem_-_cadre.jpg/260px-G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_L%27entr%C3%A9e_du_Christ_%C3%A0_J%C3%A9rusalem_-_cadre.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_L%27entr%C3%A9e_du_Christ_%C3%A0_J%C3%A9rusalem_-_cadre.jpg/390px-G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_L%27entr%C3%A9e_du_Christ_%C3%A0_J%C3%A9rusalem_-_cadre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_L%27entr%C3%A9e_du_Christ_%C3%A0_J%C3%A9rusalem_-_cadre.jpg/520px-G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_L%27entr%C3%A9e_du_Christ_%C3%A0_J%C3%A9rusalem_-_cadre.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="260" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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<a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_L%27entr%C3%A9e_du_Christ_%C3%A0_J%C3%A9rusalem_-_cadre.jpg" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2215%22 height=%2211%22 viewBox=%220 0 11 15%22%3E %3Cg id=%22magnify-clip%22 fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%23000%22%3E %3Cpath id=%22bigbox%22 d=%22M1.509 1.865h10.99v7.919H1.509z%22/%3E %3Cpath id=%22smallbox%22 d=%22M-1.499 6.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #0b0080; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
A painting of Jesus' <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumphal_entry_into_Jerusalem" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Triumphal entry into Jerusalem">final entry into Jerusalem</a>, by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jean-Léon Gérôme">Jean-Léon Gérôme</a>, 1897</div>
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Main articles: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumphal_entry_into_Jerusalem" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Triumphal entry into Jerusalem">Triumphal entry into Jerusalem</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleansing_of_the_Temple" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cleansing of the Temple">Cleansing of the Temple</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bargain_of_Judas" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bargain of Judas">Bargain of Judas</a></div>
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In the Synoptics, the last week in Jerusalem is the conclusion of the journey through Perea and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Judea">Judea</a> that Jesus began in Galilee.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoxEasley2007155–70_165-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxEasley2007155%E2%80%9370-165" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[151]</a></sup> Jesus rides a young donkey into Jerusalem, reflecting the tale of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Messiah%27s_Donkey" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Messiah's Donkey">the Messiah's Donkey</a>, an oracle from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Book of Zechariah">Book of Zechariah</a> in which the Jews' humble king enters Jerusalem this way (<a class="external text" href="http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt2309.htm#9" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">Zechariah 9:9</a>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-May_Metzger_Mark_93-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-May_Metzger_Mark-93" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[81]</a></sup> People along the way lay cloaks and small branches of trees (known as palm fronds) in front of him and sing part of <a class="external text" href="http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt26b8.htm#25" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">Psalms 118:25–26</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoringCraddock2004256–58_223-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoringCraddock2004256%E2%80%9358-223" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[209]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajerníkPonessaManhardt2005133–34_224-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajern%C3%ADkPonessaManhardt2005133%E2%80%9334-224" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[210]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003381–95_225-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003381%E2%80%9395-225" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[211]</a></sup></div>
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Jesus next expels the money changers from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Temple" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a>, accusing them of turning it into a den of thieves through their commercial activities. Jesus then prophesies about the coming destruction, including false prophets, wars, earthquakes, celestial disorders, persecution of the faithful, the appearance of an "abomination of desolation," and unendurable tribulations (<span class="nourlexpansion nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark+13%3A1%E2%80%9323&version=NRSV" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">Mark 13:1–23</a></span>). The mysterious "Son of Man," he says, will dispatch angels to gather the faithful from all parts of the earth (<span class="nourlexpansion nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark+13%3A24%E2%80%9327&version=NRSV" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">Mark 13:24–27</a></span>). Jesus warns that these wonders will occur in the lifetimes of the hearers (<span class="nourlexpansion nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark+13%3A28%E2%80%9332&version=NRSV" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">Mark 13:28–32</a></span>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1985285–96_157-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1985285%E2%80%9396-157" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[143]</a></sup> In John, the Cleansing of the Temple occurs at the beginning of Jesus' ministry instead of at the end (<a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/John#2:13" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/John">John 2:13–16</a>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1985302–10_121-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1985302%E2%80%9310-121" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[109]</a></sup></div>
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Jesus comes into conflict with the Jewish elders, such as when they <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authority_of_Jesus_questioned" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Authority of Jesus questioned">question his authority</a> and when he <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woes_of_the_Pharisees" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Woes of the Pharisees">criticizes them and calls them hypocrites</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoringCraddock2004256–58_223-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoringCraddock2004256%E2%80%9358-223" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[209]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003381–95_225-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003381%E2%80%9395-225" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[211]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a>, one of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_apostles" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Twelve apostles">twelve apostles</a>, secretly strikes a bargain with the Jewish elders, agreeing to betray Jesus to them for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_pieces_of_silver" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Thirty pieces of silver">30 silver coins</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lockyer106_226-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Lockyer106-226" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[212]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-227" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-227" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[213]</a></sup></div>
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The Gospel of John recounts of two other feasts in which Jesus taught in Jerusalem before the Passion Week (<a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/John#7:1" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/John">John 7:1–10:42</a>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1985270–72_143-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1985270%E2%80%9372-143" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[129]</a></sup> In <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethany_(biblical_village)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bethany (biblical village)">Bethany</a>, a village near Jerusalem, Jesus <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raising_of_Lazarus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Raising of Lazarus">raises Lazarus from the dead</a>. This potent sign<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1985302–10_121-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1985302%E2%80%9310-121" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[109]</a></sup> increases the tension with authorities,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoxEasley2007155–70_165-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxEasley2007155%E2%80%9370-165" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[151]</a></sup>who conspire to kill him (<a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/John#11:1" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/John">John 11</a>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1985270–72_143-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1985270%E2%80%9372-143" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[129]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary of Bethany</a> anoints Jesus' feet, foreshadowing his entombment.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFunkHoover1993401–70_228-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFunkHoover1993401%E2%80%9370-228" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[214]</a></sup> Jesus then makes his Messianic entry into Jerusalem.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1985270–72_143-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1985270%E2%80%9372-143" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[129]</a></sup> The cheering crowds greeting Jesus as he enters Jerusalem add to the animosity between him and the establishment.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoxEasley2007155–70_165-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxEasley2007155%E2%80%9370-165" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[151]</a></sup> In John, Jesus has already cleansed the Second Temple during an earlier Passover visit to Jerusalem. John next recounts Jesus' Last Supper with his disciples.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1985270–72_143-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1985270%E2%80%9372-143" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[129]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Last_Supper">Last Supper</span></h4>
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Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Supper" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a></div>
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See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_predicts_his_betrayal" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jesus predicts his betrayal">Jesus predicts his betrayal</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denial_of_Peter" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Denial of Peter">Denial of Peter</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Supper_in_Christian_art" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Last Supper in Christian art">Last Supper in Christian art</a></div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%C3%9Altima_Cena_-_Juan_de_Juanes.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="A depiction of the Last Supper. Jesus sits in the center, his apostles gathered around on either side of him." class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1215" data-file-width="1920" decoding="async" height="165" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/%C3%9Altima_Cena_-_Juan_de_Juanes.jpg/260px-%C3%9Altima_Cena_-_Juan_de_Juanes.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/%C3%9Altima_Cena_-_Juan_de_Juanes.jpg/390px-%C3%9Altima_Cena_-_Juan_de_Juanes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/%C3%9Altima_Cena_-_Juan_de_Juanes.jpg/520px-%C3%9Altima_Cena_-_Juan_de_Juanes.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="260" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Supper" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a>, depicted by <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_Juanes" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Juan de Juanes">Juan de Juanes</a>, c. 1562</div>
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The Last Supper is the final meal that Jesus shares with his <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Apostles#The_Twelve_Apostles" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Twelve Apostles">12 apostles</a> in Jerusalem before his crucifixion. The Last Supper is mentioned in all four canonical gospels; Paul's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">First Epistle to the Corinthians</a> (<a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/1_Corinthians#11:23" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/1 Corinthians">11:23–26</a>) also refers to it.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Fahlbusch52_82-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Fahlbusch52-82" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[71]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003465–77_83-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003465%E2%80%9377-83" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[72]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoxEasley2007180–91_229-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxEasley2007180%E2%80%9391-229" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[215]</a></sup> During the meal, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_predicts_his_betrayal" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jesus predicts his betrayal">Jesus predicts</a> that one of his apostles will betray him.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoxEasley2007182_230-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxEasley2007182-230" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[216]</a></sup> Despite each Apostle's assertion that he would not betray him, Jesus reiterates that the betrayer would be one of those present. <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Matthew#26:23" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew">Matthew 26:23–25</a> and <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/John#13:26" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/John">John 13:26–27</a> specifically identify Judas as the traitor.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Fahlbusch52_82-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Fahlbusch52-82" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[71]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003465–77_83-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003465%E2%80%9377-83" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[72]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoxEasley2007182_230-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxEasley2007182-230" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[216]</a></sup></div>
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In the Synoptics, Jesus takes bread, breaks it, and gives it to the disciples, saying, "This is my body, which is given for you". He then has them all drink from a cup, saying, "This cup that is poured out for you is the new covenant in my blood" (<a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Luke#22:19" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Luke">Luke 22:19–20</a>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Fahlbusch52_82-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Fahlbusch52-82" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[71]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Eucharist_231-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Eucharist-231" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[217]</a></sup> The Christian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrament" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sacrament">sacrament</a> or <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinance_(Christian)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ordinance (Christian)">ordinance</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucharist" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a> is based on these events.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-232" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-232" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[218]</a></sup> Although the Gospel of John does not include a description of the bread-and-wine ritual during the Last Supper, most scholars agree that <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/John#6:22" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/John">John 6:22–59</a> (the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bread_of_Life_Discourse" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bread of Life Discourse">Bread of Life Discourse</a>) has a eucharistic character and resonates with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_the_Eucharist#Institution_narratives" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Origin of the Eucharist">institution narratives</a> in the Synoptic Gospels and in the Pauline writings on the Last Supper.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreedman2000792_233-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreedman2000792-233" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[219]</a></sup></div>
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In all four gospels, Jesus predicts that Peter will deny knowledge of him three times before the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooster" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rooster">rooster</a> crows the next morning.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Denial_234-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Denial-234" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[220]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-235" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-235" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[221]</a></sup> In Luke and John, the prediction is made during the Supper (<a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Luke#22:33" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Luke">Luke 22:34</a>, <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/John#22:33" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/John">John 22:34</a>). In Matthew and Mark, the prediction is made after the Supper; Jesus also predicts that all his disciples will desert him (<a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Matthew#26:31" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew">Matthew 26:31–34</a>, <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Mark#14:27" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Mark">Mark 14:27–30</a>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalvoordZuck198383–85_236-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalvoordZuck198383%E2%80%9385-236" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[222]</a></sup> The Gospel of John provides the only account of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_washing" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Foot washing">Jesus washing his disciples' feet</a> after the meal.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1985272–85_139-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1985272%E2%80%9385-139" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[125]</a></sup> John also includes a long sermon by Jesus, preparing his disciples (now without Judas) for his departure. <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/John#14:1" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/John">Chapters 14–17</a> of the Gospel of John are known as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farewell_Discourse" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Farewell Discourse">Farewell Discourse</a> and are a significant source of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christology" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christology">Christological</a> content.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Gail142_237-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Gail142-237" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[223]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Herman546_238-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Herman546-238" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[224]</a></sup></div>
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<span id="Agony_in_the_Garden.2C_betrayal.2C_and_arrest"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Agony_in_the_Garden,_betrayal,_and_arrest">Agony in the Garden, betrayal, and arrest</span></h4>
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Main articles: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agony_in_the_Garden" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Agony in the Garden">Agony in the Garden</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_of_Judas" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kiss of Judas">Kiss of Judas</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrest_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Arrest of Jesus">Arrest of Jesus</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malchus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Malchus">Malchus</a></div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Taking_of_Christ-Caravaggio_(c.1602).jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Judas kisses Jesus, and soldiers rush to seize the latter." class="thumbimage" data-file-height="7666" data-file-width="9893" decoding="async" height="170" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/The_Taking_of_Christ-Caravaggio_%28c.1602%29.jpg/220px-The_Taking_of_Christ-Caravaggio_%28c.1602%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/The_Taking_of_Christ-Caravaggio_%28c.1602%29.jpg/330px-The_Taking_of_Christ-Caravaggio_%28c.1602%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/The_Taking_of_Christ-Caravaggio_%28c.1602%29.jpg/440px-The_Taking_of_Christ-Caravaggio_%28c.1602%29.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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A depiction of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_of_Judas" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kiss of Judas">kiss of Judas</a>and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrest_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Arrest of Jesus">arrest of Jesus</a>, by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravaggio" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Caravaggio">Caravaggio</a>, c. 1602</div>
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In the Synoptics, Jesus and his disciples go to the garden <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gethsemane" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gethsemane">Gethsemane</a>, where Jesus prays to be spared his coming ordeal. Then Judas comes with an armed mob, sent by the chief priests, scribes and elders. He <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_of_Judas" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kiss of Judas">kisses Jesus</a> to identify him to the crowd, which then <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrest_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Arrest of Jesus">arrests Jesus</a>. In an attempt to stop them, an unnamed disciple of Jesus uses a sword to cut off the ear of a man in the crowd. After Jesus' arrest, his disciples go into hiding, and Peter, when questioned, thrice <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denial_of_Peter" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Denial of Peter">denies</a> knowing Jesus. After the third denial, Peter hears the rooster crow and recalls Jesus' prediction about his denial. Peter then weeps bitterly.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalvoordZuck198383–85_236-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalvoordZuck198383%E2%80%9385-236" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[222]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1985285–96_157-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1985285%E2%80%9396-157" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[143]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Denial_234-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Denial-234" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[220]</a></sup></div>
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In John (18:1–11), Jesus does not pray to be spared his crucifixion, as the gospel portrays him as scarcely touched by such human weakness.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Jesus_239-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Jesus-239" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[225]</a></sup> The people who arrest him are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Roman_army" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Imperial Roman army">Roman soldiers</a> and Temple guards.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-240" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-240" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[226]</a></sup> Instead of being betrayed by a kiss, Jesus proclaims his identity, and when he does, the soldiers and officers fall to the ground. The gospel identifies Peter as the disciple who used the sword, and Jesus rebukes him for it.</div>
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<span id="Trials_by_the_Sanhedrin.2C_Herod.2C_and_Pilate"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Trials_by_the_Sanhedrin,_Herod,_and_Pilate">Trials by the Sanhedrin, Herod, and Pilate</span></h4>
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Main articles: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanhedrin_trial_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sanhedrin trial of Jesus">Sanhedrin trial of Jesus</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilate%27s_Court" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pilate's Court">Pilate's Court</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_at_Herod%27s_Court" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jesus at Herod's Court">Jesus at Herod's Court</a>, and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Thorns" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Crown of Thorns">Crown of Thorns</a></div>
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See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus,_King_of_the_Jews" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jesus, King of the Jews">Jesus, King of the Jews</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_18:38" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John 18:38">John 18:38</a>; and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecce_homo" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ecce homo">Ecce homo</a></div>
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After his arrest, Jesus is taken to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanhedrin" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a>, a Jewish judicial body.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1997146_241-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1997146-241" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[227]</a></sup> The gospel accounts differ on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanhedrin_trial_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sanhedrin trial of Jesus">details of the trials</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-242" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-242" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[228]</a></sup> In <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Matthew#26:57" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew">Matthew 26:57</a>, <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Mark#14:53" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Mark">Mark 14:53</a> and <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Luke#22:54" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Luke">Luke 22:54</a>, Jesus is taken to the house of the high priest, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caiaphas" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Caiaphas">Caiaphas</a>, where he is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mocking_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mocking of Jesus">mocked</a> and beaten that night. Early the next morning, the chief priests and scribes lead Jesus away into their council.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003487–500_243-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003487%E2%80%93500-243" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[229]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009396–400_244-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009396%E2%80%93400-244" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[230]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Holman608_245-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Holman608-245" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[231]</a></sup> <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/John#18:12" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/John">John 18:12–14</a> states that Jesus is first taken to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annas" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Annas">Annas</a>, Caiaphas' father-in-law, and then to the high priest.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003487–500_243-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003487%E2%80%93500-243" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[229]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009396–400_244-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009396%E2%80%93400-244" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[230]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Holman608_245-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Holman608-245" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[231]</a></sup></div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ecce_homo_by_Antonio_Ciseri_(1).jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="A depiction of Jesus' public trial" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="612" data-file-width="799" decoding="async" height="199" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ecce_homo_by_Antonio_Ciseri_%281%29.jpg/260px-Ecce_homo_by_Antonio_Ciseri_%281%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ecce_homo_by_Antonio_Ciseri_%281%29.jpg/390px-Ecce_homo_by_Antonio_Ciseri_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ecce_homo_by_Antonio_Ciseri_%281%29.jpg/520px-Ecce_homo_by_Antonio_Ciseri_%281%29.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="260" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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<i>Ecce homo!</i> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Ciseri" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Antonio Ciseri">Antonio Ciseri</a>'s 1871 depiction of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a> presenting Jesus to the public</div>
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During the trials Jesus speaks very little, mounts no defense, and gives very infrequent and indirect answers to the priests' questions, prompting an officer to slap him. In <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Matthew#26:62" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew">Matthew 26:62</a> Jesus' unresponsiveness leads Caiaphas to ask him, "Have you no answer?"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003487–500_243-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003487%E2%80%93500-243" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[229]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009396–400_244-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009396%E2%80%93400-244" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[230]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Holman608_245-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Holman608-245" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[231]</a></sup> In <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Mark#14:61" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Mark">Mark 14:61</a> the high priest then asks Jesus, "Are you the Messiah, the Son of the Blessed One?" Jesus replies, "I am", and then predicts the coming of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_of_man_(Christianity)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Son of man (Christianity)">Son of Man</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Britannica_54-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Britannica-54" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[44]</a></sup> This provokes Caiaphas to tear his own robe in anger and to accuse Jesus of blasphemy. In Matthew and Luke, Jesus' answer is more ambiguous:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Britannica_54-7" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Britannica-54" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[44]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003495_246-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003495-246" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[232]</a></sup> in <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Matthew#26:64" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew">Matthew 26:64</a> he responds, "You have said so", and in <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Luke#22:70" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Luke">Luke 22:70</a> he says, "You say that I am".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009396–98_247-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009396%E2%80%9398-247" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[233]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-248" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-248" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[234]</a></sup></div>
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The Jewish elders take Jesus to <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilate%27s_Court" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pilate's Court">Pilate's Court</a> and ask the Roman governor, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a>, to judge and condemn Jesus for various allegations, accusing him of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blasphemy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Blasphemy">blasphemy</a>, perverting the nation, forbidding the payment of tribute, inciting <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedition" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sedition">sedition</a> against <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Roman Empire">Rome</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchcraft" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Witchcraft">sorcery</a>, claiming to be the King of the Jews, the Son of God, and a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messiah" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Messiah">savior</a> to the world.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Holman608_245-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Holman608-245" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[231]</a></sup> The use of the word "king" is central to the discussion between Jesus and Pilate. In <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/John#18:36" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/John">John 18:36</a> Jesus states, "My kingdom is not from this world", but he does not unequivocally deny being the King of the Jews.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-249" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-249" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[235]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-250" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-250" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[236]</a></sup> In <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Luke#23:7" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Luke">Luke 23:7–15</a> Pilate realizes that Jesus is a Galilean, and thus comes under the jurisdiction of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herod_Antipas" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Herod Antipas">Herod Antipas</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodian_Tetrarchy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Herodian Tetrarchy">Tetrarch</a> of Galilee and Perea.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiswonger1992172_251-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiswonger1992172-251" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[237]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajerníkPonessaManhardt2005181_252-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajern%C3%ADkPonessaManhardt2005181-252" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[238]</a></sup> Pilate sends Jesus to Herod to be tried,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2003120–21_253-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2003120%E2%80%9321-253" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[239]</a></sup> but Jesus says almost nothing in response to Herod's questions. Herod and his soldiers mock Jesus, put an expensive robe on him to make him look like a king, and return him to Pilate,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiswonger1992172_251-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiswonger1992172-251" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[237]</a></sup> who then calls together the Jewish elders and announces that he has "not found this man guilty".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2003120–21_253-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2003120%E2%80%9321-253" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[239]</a></sup></div>
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Observing a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passover" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Passover">Passover</a> custom of the time, Pilate allows one prisoner chosen by the crowd to be released. He gives the people a choice between Jesus and a murderer called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barabbas" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Barabbas">Barabbas</a> (<span lang="he" title="Hebrew language text"><a class="extiw" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8-%D7%90%D7%91%D7%90" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikt:בר-אבא">בר-אבא</a></span> or <i>Bar-abbâ</i>, "son of the father", from the common given name <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abba_(given_name)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Abba (given name)">Abba</a></i>: 'father').<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Evans_254-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Evans-254" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[240]</a></sup> Persuaded by the elders (<a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Matthew#27:20" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew">Matthew 27:20</a>), the mob chooses to release Barabbas and crucify Jesus.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009400–01_255-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009400%E2%80%9301-255" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[241]</a></sup> Pilate writes a sign in Hebrew, Latin, and Greek that reads "Jesus of Nazareth, the King of the Jews" (abbreviated as <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INRI" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="INRI">INRI</a> in depictions) to be affixed to Jesus' cross (<a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/John#19:19" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/John">John 19:19–20</a>),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown198893_256-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown198893-256" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[242]</a></sup> then <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagellation_of_Christ" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Flagellation of Christ">scourges Jesus</a> and sends him to be crucified. The soldiers place a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Thorns" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Crown of Thorns">Crown of Thorns</a> on Jesus' head and ridicule him as the King of the Jews. They beat and taunt him before taking him to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvary" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Calvary">Calvary</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Senior_257-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Senior-257" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[243]</a></sup> also called Golgotha, for crucifixion.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003487–500_243-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003487%E2%80%93500-243" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[229]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Holman608_245-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Holman608-245" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[231]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009402_258-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009402-258" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[244]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Crucifixion_and_entombment">Crucifixion and entombment</span></h4>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pietro_Perugino_040.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="A depiction of Jesus on the cross" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="4000" data-file-width="2195" decoding="async" height="310" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Pietro_Perugino_040.jpg/170px-Pietro_Perugino_040.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Pietro_Perugino_040.jpg/255px-Pietro_Perugino_040.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Pietro_Perugino_040.jpg/340px-Pietro_Perugino_040.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="170" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Perugino" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pietro Perugino">Pietro Perugino</a>'s depiction of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a> as <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabat_Mater_(art)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stabat Mater (art)">Stabat Mater</a></i>, 1482</div>
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Main articles: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion of Jesus</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Burial of Jesus">Burial of Jesus</a></div>
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See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayings_of_Jesus_on_the_cross" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sayings of Jesus on the cross">Sayings of Jesus on the cross</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifixion_eclipse" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Crucifixion eclipse">Crucifixion eclipse</a></div>
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Jesus' crucifixion is described in all four canonical gospels. After the trials, Jesus is led to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvary" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Calvary">Calvary</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Carrying_the_Cross" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christ Carrying the Cross">carrying his cross</a>; the route traditionally thought to have been taken is known as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Dolorosa" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Via Dolorosa">Via Dolorosa</a>. The three Synoptic Gospels indicate that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_of_Cyrene" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Simon of Cyrene">Simon of Cyrene</a> assists him, having been compelled by the Romans to do so.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003509–20_259-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003509%E2%80%9320-259" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[245]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKöstenbergerKellumQuarles2009211–14_260-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK%C3%B6stenbergerKellumQuarles2009211%E2%80%9314-260" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[246]</a></sup> In <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Luke#23:27" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Luke">Luke 23:27–28</a> Jesus tells the women in the multitude of people following him not to weep for him but for themselves and their children.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003509–20_259-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003509%E2%80%9320-259" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[245]</a></sup> At Calvary, Jesus is offered a sponge soaked in a concoction usually offered as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analgesic" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Analgesic">painkiller</a>. According to Matthew and Mark, he refuses it.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003509–20_259-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003509%E2%80%9320-259" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[245]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKöstenbergerKellumQuarles2009211–14_260-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK%C3%B6stenbergerKellumQuarles2009211%E2%80%9314-260" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[246]</a></sup></div>
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The soldiers then crucify Jesus and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sortes_(ancient_Rome)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sortes (ancient Rome)">cast lots</a> for his clothes. Above Jesus' head on the cross is Pilate's inscription, "Jesus of Nazareth, the King of the Jews." Soldiers and passersby <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mocking_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mocking of Jesus">mock</a> him about it. Two convicted thieves are crucified along with Jesus. In Matthew and Mark, both thieves mock Jesus. In Luke, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impenitent_thief" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Impenitent thief">one of them</a> rebukes Jesus, while <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penitent_thief" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Penitent thief">the other</a> defends him.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003509–20_259-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003509%E2%80%9320-259" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[245]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoninger1999271_261-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoninger1999271-261" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[247]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-262" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-262" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[248]</a></sup> Jesus tells the latter: "today you will be with me in Paradise" (Luke 23:43). In John, Mary, the mother of Jesus, and the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beloved_disciple" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Beloved disciple">beloved disciple</a> were at the crucifixion. Jesus tells the beloved disciple to take care of his mother (John 19:26–27).</div>
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The Roman soldiers break the two thieves' legs (a procedure designed to hasten death in a crucifixion), but they do not break those of Jesus, as he is already dead (John 19:33). In <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/John_19:34" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/John 19:34">John 19:34</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longinus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Longinus">one soldier</a> pierces Jesus' side with a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Lance" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Holy Lance">lance</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Holy_Wounds" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Five Holy Wounds">blood and water</a> flow out.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoninger1999271_261-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoninger1999271-261" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[247]</a></sup> In the Synoptics, when Jesus dies, the heavy curtain at the Temple is torn. In <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Matthew#27:51" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew">Matthew 27:51–54</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifixion_darkness" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Crucifixion darkness">an earthquake breaks open tombs</a>. In Matthew and Mark, terrified by the events, a Roman <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centurion" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Centurion">centurion</a>states that Jesus was the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son of God</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003509–20_259-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003509%E2%80%9320-259" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[245]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKöstenbergerKellumQuarles2009213–14_263-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK%C3%B6stenbergerKellumQuarles2009213%E2%80%9314-263" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[249]</a></sup></div>
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On the same day, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a>, with Pilate's permission and with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicodemus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nicodemus">Nicodemus</a>' help, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descent_from_the_Cross" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Descent from the Cross">removes Jesus' body from the cross</a>, wraps him in a clean cloth, and buries him in his new <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepulchre" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sepulchre">rock-hewn tomb</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003509–20_259-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003509%E2%80%9320-259" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[245]</a></sup> In <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Matthew#27:62" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew">Matthew 27:62–66</a>, on the following day the chief Jewish priests ask Pilate for the tomb to be secured, and with Pilate's permission the priests place seals on the large stone covering the entrance.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003509–20_259-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003509%E2%80%9320-259" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[245]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1992727_264-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1992727-264" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[250]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Resurrection_and_Ascension">Resurrection and Ascension</span></h3>
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<i>Appearance of Jesus Christ to Maria Magdalena </i>(1835) by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Andreyevich_Ivanov" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Alexander Andreyevich Ivanov">Alexander Andreyevich Ivanov</a></div>
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Main articles: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection of Jesus</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-resurrection_appearances_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Post-resurrection appearances of Jesus">Post-resurrection appearances of Jesus</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension of Jesus</a></div>
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See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empty_tomb" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Empty tomb">Empty tomb</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Commission" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Coming" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus_in_Christian_art" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Resurrection of Jesus in Christian art">Resurrection of Jesus in Christian art</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus_in_Christian_art" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ascension of Jesus in Christian art">Ascension of Jesus in Christian art</a></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a> (alone in the Gospel of John, but accompanied by other women in the Synoptics) goes to Jesus' tomb on Sunday morning and is surprised to find it empty. Despite Jesus' teaching, the disciples had not understood that Jesus would rise again.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1985308–09_265-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1985308%E2%80%9309-265" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[251]</a></sup></div>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">In Matthew, there are guards at the tomb. An angel descends from heaven, and opens the tomb. The guards faint from fear. Jesus appears to Mary Magdalene and "the other Mary" after they visited the tomb. Jesus then appears to the eleven remaining disciples in Galilee and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Commission" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Great Commission">commissions them</a> to baptize all nations in the name of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1985272–85_139-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1985272%E2%80%9385-139" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[125]</a></sup></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">In Mark, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_(disciple)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Salome (disciple)">Salome</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_James" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mary, mother of James">Mary, mother of James</a> are with Mary Magdalene (Mark 16:1). In the tomb, a young man in a white robe (an angel) tells them that Jesus will meet his disciples in Galilee, as he had told them (referring to Mark 14:28).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-May_Metzger_Mark_93-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-May_Metzger_Mark-93" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[81]</a></sup></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">In Luke, Mary and various other women meet two angels at the tomb, but the eleven disciples do not believe their story (Luke 25:1–12). Jesus appears to two of his followers in Emmaus. He also makes an appearance to Peter. Jesus then appears that same day to his disciples in Jerusalem (Luke 24:13–43). Although he appears and vanishes mysteriously, he also eats and lets them touch him to prove that he is not a spirit. He repeats his command to bring his teaching to all nations (<a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Luke#24:51" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Luke">Luke 24:51</a>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1985297–301_266-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1985297%E2%80%93301-266" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[252]</a></sup></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">In John, Mary is alone at first, but Peter and the beloved disciple come and see the tomb as well. Jesus then appears to Mary at the tomb. He later appears to the disciples, breathes on them, and gives them the power to forgive and retain sins. In a second visit to disciples, he proves to a doubting disciple ("<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubting_Thomas" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doubting Thomas">Doubting Thomas</a>") that he is flesh and blood.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1985302–10_121-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1985302%E2%80%9310-121" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[109]</a></sup> The disciples return to Galilee, where Jesus makes another appearance. He performs a miracle known as the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch_of_153_fish" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Catch of 153 fish">catch of 153 fish</a> at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a>, after which Jesus encourages Peter to serve his followers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003521–30_86-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003521%E2%80%9330-86" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[75]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoxEasley2007216–26_267-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxEasley2007216%E2%80%9326-267" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[253]</a></sup></li>
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Jesus' <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entering_Heaven_alive" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Entering Heaven alive">ascension into Heaven</a> is described in <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Luke#24:50" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Luke">Luke 24:50–53</a>, <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Acts#1:1" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Acts">Acts 1:1–11</a> and mentioned in <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/1_Timothy#3:16" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/1 Timothy">1 Timothy 3:16</a>. In the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a>, forty days after the Resurrection, as the disciples look on, "he was lifted up, and a cloud took him out of their sight". <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/1_Peter#3:22" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/1 Peter">1 Peter 3:22</a> states that Jesus has "gone into heaven and is at the right hand of God".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003521–30_86-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003521%E2%80%9330-86" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[75]</a></sup></div>
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The Acts of the Apostles describes several appearances of Jesus after his Ascension. In <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Acts#7:55" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Acts">Acts 7:55</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a> gazes into heaven and sees "Jesus standing at the right hand of God" just before his death.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-268" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-268" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[254]</a></sup> On the road to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, the Apostle <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_of_Paul_the_Apostle" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Conversion of Paul the Apostle">Paul is converted</a> to Christianity after seeing a blinding light and hearing a voice saying, "I am Jesus, whom you are persecuting" (<a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Acts#9:5" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Acts">Acts 9:5</a>). In <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Acts#9:10" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Acts">Acts 9:10–18</a>, Jesus instructs <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananias_of_Damascus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ananias of Damascus">Ananias of Damascus</a> in a vision to heal Paul.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-HarringtonActs_269-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-HarringtonActs-269" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[255]</a></sup> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a> includes a revelation from Jesus concerning the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_eschatology" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christian eschatology">last days</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-270" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-270" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[256]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Early_Christianity">Early Christianity</span></h2>
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Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Christianity" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></div>
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After Jesus's life, his followers, as described in the first chapters of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a>, were all <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jews">Jews</a> either by birth or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Conversion to Judaism">conversion</a>, for which the biblical term "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proselyte" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Proselyte">proselyte</a>" is used,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-271" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-271" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[257]</a></sup> and referred to by historians as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Christian" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christians</a>. The early Gospel message was spread <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_gospel_traditions" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Oral gospel traditions">orally</a>, probably in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramaic_language" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman201287–90_272-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman201287%E2%80%9390-272" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[258]</a></sup> but almost immediately also in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koine_Greek" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Koine Greek">Greek</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-273" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-273" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[259]</a></sup> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>'s Acts of the Apostles and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Epistle to the Galatians</a> record that the first Christian community was <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Christian_church" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="First Christian church">centered in Jerusalem</a> and its leaders included <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Peter" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_(brother_of_Jesus)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="James (brother of Jesus)">James, the brother of Jesus</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Apostle" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John the Apostle">John the Apostle</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-274" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-274" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[260]</a></sup></div>
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After the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_of_Paul_the_Apostle" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Conversion of Paul the Apostle">conversion of Paul the Apostle</a>, he claimed the title of "Apostle to the Gentiles". Paul's influence on Christian thinking is said to be more significant than that of any other <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authorship_of_the_New_Testament" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Authorship of the New Testament">New Testament author</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-275" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-275" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[261]</a></sup> By the end of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st century</a>, Christianity began to be recognized internally and externally as a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split_of_early_Christianity_and_Judaism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Split of early Christianity and Judaism">separate religion from Judaism</a> which itself was refined and developed further in the centuries after the destruction of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Temple" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-276" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-276" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[262]</a></sup></div>
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Numerous quotations in the New Testament and other Christian writings of the first centuries, indicate that early Christians generally used and revered the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> (the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanakh" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a>) as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_text" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Religious text">religious text</a>, mostly in the Greek (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septuagint" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>) or Aramaic (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targum" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Targum">Targum</a>) translations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-277" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-277" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[263]</a></sup></div>
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Early Christians wrote many religious works, including the ones included in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_of_the_New_Testament" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Canon of the New Testament">canon of the New Testament</a>. The canonical texts, which have become the main sources used by historians to try to understand the historical Jesus and sacred texts within Christianity, were probably written between 50 and 120 AD.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ehrman120ce_278-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Ehrman120ce-278" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[264]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Historical_views">Historical views</span></h2>
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Main articles: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Historical Jesus">Historical Jesus</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quest_for_the_historical_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Quest for the historical Jesus">Quest for the historical Jesus</a></div>
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See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_criticism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Biblical criticism">Biblical criticism</a></div>
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Prior to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>, the gospels were usually regarded as accurate historical accounts, but since then scholars have emerged who question the reliability of the gospels and draw a distinction between the Jesus described in the gospels and the Jesus of history.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine20065_279-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine20065-279" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[265]</a></sup> Since the 18th century, three separate scholarly quests for the historical Jesus have taken place, each with distinct characteristics and based on different research criteria, which were often developed during the quest that applied them.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitherington1997113_115-13" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitherington1997113-115" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[103]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell199819–23_280-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell199819%E2%80%9323-280" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[266]</a></sup> While there is widespread scholarly agreement on the existence of Jesus,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-exist_28-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-exist-28" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[g]</a></sup> and a basic consensus on the general outline of his life,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-282" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-282" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[o]</a></sup> the portraits of Jesus constructed by various scholars often differ from each other, and from the image portrayed in the gospel accounts.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Theissen_283-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Theissen-283" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[268]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-284" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-284" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[269]</a></sup></div>
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Approaches to the historical reconstruction of the life of Jesus have varied from the "maximalist" approaches of the 19th century, in which the gospel accounts were accepted as reliable evidence wherever it is possible, to the "minimalist" approaches of the early 20th century, where hardly anything about Jesus was accepted as historical.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-285" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-285" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[270]</a></sup> In the 1950s, as the second quest for the historical Jesus gathered pace, the minimalist approaches faded away, and in the 21st century, minimalists such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_M._Price" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Robert M. Price">Price</a> are a very small minority.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiltonEvans199827_286-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiltonEvans199827-286" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[271]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans20124–5_287-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans20124%E2%80%935-287" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[272]</a></sup> Although a belief in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_inerrancy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Biblical inerrancy">inerrancy</a> of the gospels cannot be supported historically, many scholars since the 1980s have held that, beyond the few facts considered to be historically certain, certain other elements of Jesus' life are "historically probable".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiltonEvans199827_286-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiltonEvans199827-286" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[271]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-288" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-288" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[273]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenWinter2002142–43_289-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenWinter2002142%E2%80%9343-289" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[274]</a></sup> Modern scholarly research on the historical Jesus thus focuses on identifying the most probable elements.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-290" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-290" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[275]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeier2006124_291-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeier2006124-291" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[276]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Judea_and_Galilee_in_the_1st_century">Judea and Galilee in the 1st century</span></h3>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Judea">Judea</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilee" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> and neighboring areas at the time of Jesus</div>
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In AD 6, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Judea">Judea</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edom" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edom">Idumea</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaria" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Samaria">Samaria</a> were transformed from a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client_state" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Client state">client kingdom</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> into an imperial province, also called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea_(Roman_province)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Judea (Roman province)">Judea</a>. A Roman <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefect" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Prefect">prefect</a>, rather than a client king, ruled the land. The prefect ruled from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea Maritima</a>, leaving <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> to be run by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_High_Priests_of_Israel" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of High Priests of Israel">High Priest of Israel</a>. As an exception, the prefect came to Jerusalem during religious festivals, when religious and patriotic enthusiasm sometimes inspired unrest or uprisings. Gentile lands surrounded the Jewish territories of Judea and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilee" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Galilee">Galilee</a>, but Roman law and practice allowed Jews to remain separate legally and culturally. Galilee was evidently prosperous, and poverty was limited enough that it did not threaten the social order.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Britannica_54-8" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Britannica-54" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[44]</a></sup></div>
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This was the era of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a>, which combined <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Judaism">Jewish religious tradition</a> with elements of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> Greek culture. Until the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Roman_Empire" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fall of the Roman Empire">fall of the Roman Empire</a> and the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquests" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Muslim conquests">Muslim conquests</a> of the Eastern Mediterranean, the main centers of Hellenistic Judaism were <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> (Egypt) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioch" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> (now Southern Turkey), the two main <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_colonies" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Greek colonies">Greek urban settlements</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MENA" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="MENA">Middle East and North Africa</a> area, both founded at the end of the 4th century BCE in the wake of the conquests of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>. Hellenistic Judaism also existed in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem_during_the_Second_Temple_Period" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jerusalem during the Second Temple Period">Jerusalem during the Second Temple Period</a>, where there was conflict between <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenization" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hellenization">Hellenizers</a> and traditionalists (sometimes called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaizers" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a>). The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> was translated from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical Aramaic</a> into <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Koin%C3%A9_Greek" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jewish Koiné Greek">Jewish Koiné Greek</a>; the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targum" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Targum">Targum</a> translations into Aramaic were also generated during this era, both due to the decline of knowledge of Hebrew.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-292" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-292" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[277]</a></sup></div>
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Jews based their faith and religious practice on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Torah">Torah</a>, five books said to have been given by God to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Moses">Moses</a>. The three prominent religious parties were the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharisees" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essenes" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Essenes">Essenes</a>, and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadducees" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a>. Together these parties represented only a small fraction of the population. Most Jews looked forward to a time that God would deliver them from their pagan rulers, possibly through war against the Romans.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Britannica_54-9" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Britannica-54" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[44]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Sources">Sources</span></h3>
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Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sources_for_the_historicity_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sources for the historicity of Jesus">Sources for the historicity of Jesus</a></div>
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See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Josephus on Jesus">Josephus on Jesus</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Christ" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tacitus on Christ">Tacitus on Christ</a></div>
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A 1640 edition of the works of Josephus, a 1st-century <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Jews" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Roman Jews">Roman-Jewish</a> historian who referred to Jesus<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009431–36_293-0" style="font-size: 9.89632px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009431%E2%80%9336-293" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[278]</a></sup></div>
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New Testament scholars face a formidable challenge when they analyze the canonical Gospels.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1985263_294-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1985263-294" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[279]</a></sup> The Gospels are not biographies in the modern sense, and the authors explain Jesus' theological significance and recount his public ministry while omitting many details of his life.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1985263_294-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1985263-294" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[279]</a></sup> The reports of supernatural events associated with Jesus' death and resurrection make the challenge even more difficult.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1985263_294-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1985263-294" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[279]</a></sup> Scholars regard the gospels as compromised sources of information because the writers were trying to glorify Jesus.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders19933_102-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders19933-102" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[90]</a></sup> Even so, the sources for Jesus' life are better than sources scholars have for the life of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders19933_102-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders19933-102" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[90]</a></sup> Scholars use a number of criteria, such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criterion_of_multiple_attestation" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Criterion of multiple attestation">criterion of independent attestation</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_criticism#Coherence" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Biblical criticism">criterion of coherence</a>, and the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criterion_of_discontinuity" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Criterion of discontinuity">criterion of discontinuity</a> to judge the historicity of events.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERausch200336–37_295-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTERausch200336%E2%80%9337-295" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[280]</a></sup> The historicity of an event also depends on the reliability of the source; indeed, the gospels are not independent nor consistent records of Jesus' life. Mark, which is most likely the earliest written gospel, has been considered for many decades the most historically accurate.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-296" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-296" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[281]</a></sup>John, the latest written gospel, differs considerably from the Synoptic Gospels, and thus is generally considered less reliable, although more and more scholars now also recognize that it may contain a core of older material as historically valuable as the Synoptic tradition or even more so.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-297" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-297" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[282]</a></sup></div>
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The non-canonical <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Thomas" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gospel of Thomas">Gospel of Thomas</a> might be an independent witness to many of Jesus' parables and aphorisms. For example, Thomas confirms that Jesus blessed the poor and that this saying circulated independently before being combined with similar sayings in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_source" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Q source">Q source</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFunkHoover1993471–532_298-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFunkHoover1993471%E2%80%93532-298" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[283]</a></sup> Other select non-canonical Christian texts may also have value for historical Jesus research.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199817–62_107-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199817%E2%80%9362-107" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[95]</a></sup></div>
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Early non-Christian sources that attest to the historical existence of Jesus include the works of the historians <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-300" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-300" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[p]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009431–36_293-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009431%E2%80%9336-293" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[278]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200039–53_301-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200039%E2%80%9353-301" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[285]</a></sup> Josephus scholar <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Feldman" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Louis Feldman">Louis Feldman</a> has stated that "few have doubted the genuineness" of Josephus' reference to Jesus in <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XX#Chapter_9" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XX">book 20</a> of the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities of the Jews</a></i>, and it is disputed only by a small number of scholars.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200083_302-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200083-302" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[286]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-303" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-303" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[287]</a></sup> Tacitus referred to Christ and his execution by Pilate in <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_15#44" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 15">book 15</a> of his work <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_(Tacitus)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Annals (Tacitus)">Annals</a></i>. Scholars generally consider Tacitus's reference to the execution of Jesus to be both authentic and of historical value as an independent Roman source.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-304" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-304" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[288]</a></sup></div>
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Non-Christian sources are valuable in two ways. First, they show that even neutral or hostile parties never evince any doubt that Jesus actually existed. Second, they present a rough picture of Jesus that is compatible with that found in the Christian sources: that Jesus was a teacher, had a reputation as a miracle worker, had a brother James, and died a violent death.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998_14-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup></div>
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Archeology helps scholars better understand Jesus' social world.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReed200218_305-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReed200218-305" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[289]</a></sup> Recent archeological work, for example, indicates that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capernaum" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Capernaum">Capernaum</a>, a city important in Jesus' ministry, was poor and small, without even a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forum_(Roman)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Forum (Roman)">forum</a> or an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agora" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Agora">agora</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Gowler_306-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Gowler-306" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[290]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-307" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-307" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[291]</a></sup> This archaeological discovery resonates well with the scholarly view that Jesus advocated reciprocal sharing among the destitute in that area of Galilee.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Gowler_306-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Gowler-306" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[290]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Chronology">Chronology</span></h3>
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Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronology_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chronology of Jesus">Chronology of Jesus</a></div>
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See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Anno Domini">Anno Domini</a></div>
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Jesus was a Galilean Jew,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Vermes_1981_18-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Vermes_1981-18" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup> born around the beginning of the 1st century, who died in 30 or 33 AD in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea_(Roman_province)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Judea (Roman province)">Judea</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Humphreys1992_7-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Humphreys1992-7" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup> The general scholarly consensus is that Jesus was a contemporary of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Baptist" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> and was crucified by the Roman governor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a>, who held office from 26 to 36 AD.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine20064_36-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine20064-36" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[27]</a></sup></div>
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The gospels offer several clues concerning the year of Jesus' birth. <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Matthew#2:1" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew">Matthew 2:1</a> associates the birth of Jesus with the reign of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herod_the_Great" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a>, who died around 4 BC, and <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Luke#1:5" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Luke">Luke 1:5</a> mentions that Herod was on the throne shortly before the birth of Jesus,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaier1989115–18_308-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier1989115%E2%80%9318-308" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[292]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiswonger1992121–22_309-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiswonger1992121%E2%80%9322-309" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[293]</a></sup> although this gospel also associates the birth with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_of_Quirinius" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Census of Quirinius">Census of Quirinius</a> which took place ten years later.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKöstenbergerKellumQuarles2009137–38_310-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK%C3%B6stenbergerKellumQuarles2009137%E2%80%9338-310" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[294]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiswonger1992122–24_311-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiswonger1992122%E2%80%9324-311" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[295]</a></sup> <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Luke#3:23" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Luke">Luke 3:23</a> states that Jesus was "about thirty years old" at the start of his <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ministry of Jesus">ministry</a>, which according to <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Acts#10:37" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Acts">Acts 10:37–38</a> was preceded by John the Baptist's ministry, itself recorded in <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Luke#3:1" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Luke">Luke 3:1–2</a> to have begun in the 15th year of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberius" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a>' reign (28 or 29 AD).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiswonger1992121–22_309-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiswonger1992121%E2%80%9322-309" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[293]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Vermes2006_312-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Vermes2006-312" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[296]</a></sup> By collating the gospel accounts with historical data and using various other methods, most scholars arrive at a date of birth from 6 to 4 BC for Jesus,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Vermes2006_312-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Vermes2006-312" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[296]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2003324_313-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2003324-313" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[297]</a></sup> but some propose estimates that lie in a wider range.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-314" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-314" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[q]</a></sup></div>
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The years of Jesus' ministry have been estimated using several different approaches.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKöstenbergerKellumQuarles2009140_315-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK%C3%B6stenbergerKellumQuarles2009140-315" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[298]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreedman2000249_316-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreedman2000249-316" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[299]</a></sup> One of these applies the reference in <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Luke#3:1" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Luke">Luke 3:1–2</a>, <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Acts#10:37" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Acts">Acts 10:37–38</a> and the dates of Tiberius' reign, which are well known, to give a date of around 28–29 AD for the start of Jesus' ministry.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaier1989120–21_317-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier1989120%E2%80%9321-317" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[300]</a></sup> Another approach uses the statement about the temple in <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/John#2:13" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/John">John 2:13–20</a>, which asserts that the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Temple" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Second Temple">temple in Jerusalem</a> was in its 46th year of construction at the start of Jesus' ministry, together with <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XV" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XV">Josephus' statement</a> that the temple's reconstruction was started by Herod the Great in the 18th year of his reign, to estimate a date around 27–29 AD.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKöstenbergerKellumQuarles2009140_315-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK%C3%B6stenbergerKellumQuarles2009140-315" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[298]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaier1989123_318-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier1989123-318" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[301]</a></sup> A further method uses the date of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beheading_of_St._John_the_Baptist" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Beheading of St. John the Baptist">death of John the Baptist</a> and the marriage of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herod_Antipas" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Herod Antipas">Herod Antipas</a> to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodias" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Herodias">Herodias</a>, based on the writings of Josephus, and correlates it with <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Matthew#14:4" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew">Matthew 14:4</a> and <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Mark#6:18" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Mark">Mark 6:18</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-319" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-319" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[302]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-320" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-320" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[303]</a></sup> Given that most scholars date the marriage of Herod and Herodias as AD 28–35, this yields a date about 28–29 AD.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreedman2000249_316-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreedman2000249-316" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[299]</a></sup></div>
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A number of approaches have been used to estimate the year of the crucifixion of Jesus. Most scholars agree that he died in 30 or 33 AD.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Humphreys1992_7-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Humphreys1992-7" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKöstenbergerKellumQuarles2009398_321-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK%C3%B6stenbergerKellumQuarles2009398-321" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[304]</a></sup> The gospels state that the event occurred during the prefecture of Pilate, the Roman governor of Judea from 26 to 36 AD.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199881–83_322-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199881%E2%80%9383-322" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[305]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-323" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-323" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[306]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter200344–45_324-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter200344%E2%80%9345-324" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[307]</a></sup> The date for the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_of_Paul" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Conversion of Paul">conversion of Paul</a> (estimated to be 33–36 AD) acts as an upper bound for the date of Crucifixion. The dates for Paul's conversion and ministry can be determined by analyzing the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_epistles" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKöstenbergerKellumQuarles2009398–400_325-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK%C3%B6stenbergerKellumQuarles2009398%E2%80%93400-325" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[308]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-326" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-326" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[309]</a></sup>Astronomers have tried to estimate the precise date of the Crucifixion by analyzing lunar motion and calculating historic dates of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passover" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Passover">Passover</a>, a festival based on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lunisolar calendar">lunisolar</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a>. The most widely accepted dates derived from this method are April 7, 30 AD, and April 3, 33 AD (both <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_calendar" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-327" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-327" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[310]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Historicity_of_events">Historicity of events</span></h3>
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Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Historicity of Jesus">Historicity of Jesus</a></div>
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See also: <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_and_historical_background_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cultural and historical background of Jesus">Cultural and historical background of Jesus</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Roman_Empire" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="History of the Jews in the Roman Empire">History of the Jews in the Roman Empire</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_criticism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Historical criticism">Historical criticism</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textual_criticism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Textual criticism">Textual criticism</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Historical reliability of the Gospels">Historical reliability of the Gospels</a></div>
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Roman senator and historian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> mentioned the execution of "Christus" (Jesus) by Pilate in a passage describing the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Rome" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Great Fire of Rome">Great Fire of Rome</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nero">Nero</a>'s persecution of Christians in the <i><a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_15#44" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 15">Annals</a></i>, a history of the Roman Empire during the 1st century.</div>
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Scholars have reached a limited consensus on the basics of Jesus' life.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-White_328-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-White-328" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[311]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Family">Family</span></h4>
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See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Brothers of Jesus">Brothers of Jesus</a></div>
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Many scholars agree that Joseph, Jesus' father, died by the time Jesus began his ministry. Joseph is not mentioned at all in the gospels during Jesus' ministry. Joseph's death would explain why in Mark 6:3, Jesus' neighbors refer to Jesus as the "son of Mary" (sons were usually identified by their fathers).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-329" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-329" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[312]</a></sup></div>
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According to Theissen and Merz, it is common for extraordinary <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charismatic_authority" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Charismatic authority">charismatic leaders</a>, such as Jesus, to come into conflict with their ordinary families.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998194_330-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998194-330" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[313]</a></sup> In Mark, Jesus' family comes to get him, fearing that he is mad (Mark 3:20–34), and this account is likely historical because early Christians would not have invented it.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ActJMark_331-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-ActJMark-331" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[314]</a></sup> After Jesus' death, many members of his family joined the Christian movement.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998194_330-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998194-330" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[313]</a></sup> Jesus' brother <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="James, brother of Jesus">James</a>became a leader of the Jerusalem Church.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005James,_St._332-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005James,_St.-332" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[315]</a></sup></div>
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Géza Vermes says that the doctrine of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">virgin birth of Jesus</a> arose from theological development rather than from historical events.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVermes1981283_333-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermes1981283-333" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[316]</a></sup> Despite the widely held view that the authors of the Synoptic Gospels drew upon each other (the so-called <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synoptic_problem" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Synoptic problem">synoptic problem</a>), other scholars take it as significant that the virgin birth is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criterion_of_multiple_attestation" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Criterion of multiple attestation">attested</a> by two separate gospels, Matthew and Luke.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-334" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-334" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[317]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-335" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-335" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[318]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-336" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-336" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[319]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-337" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-337" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[320]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-338" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-338" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[321]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-339" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-339" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[322]</a></sup></div>
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According to E. P. Sanders, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nativity of Jesus">birth narratives</a> in Matthew and Luke are the clearest case of invention in the Gospel narratives of Jesus' life. Both accounts have Jesus born in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a>, in accordance with Jewish salvation history, and both have him growing up in Nazareth. But Sanders points that the two Gospels report completely different and irreconcilable explanations for how that happened. Luke's account of a census in which everyone returned to their ancestral cities is not plausible. Matthew's account is more plausible, but the story reads as though it was invented to identify Jesus as like a new <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Moses">Moses</a>, and the historian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>reports Herod the Great's brutality without ever mentioning that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Massacre of the Innocents">he massacred little boys</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders199385–88_340-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders199385%E2%80%9388-340" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[323]</a></sup></div>
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Sanders says that the genealogies of Jesus are based not on historical information but on the authors' desire to show that Jesus was the universal Jewish savior.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders199380–91_126-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders199380%E2%80%9391-126" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[114]</a></sup> In any event, once the doctrine of the virgin birth of Jesus became established, that tradition superseded the earlier tradition that he was descended from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="David">David</a> through Joseph.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998196_341-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998196-341" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[324]</a></sup> Luke reports that Jesus was a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consanguinity" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Consanguinity">blood relation</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Baptist" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>, but scholars generally consider this connection to be invented.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders199380–91_126-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders199380%E2%80%9391-126" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[114]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ActJBirth_342-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-ActJBirth-342" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[325]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Baptism">Baptism</span></h4>
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Most modern scholars consider Jesus' baptism to be a definite historical fact, along with his crucifixion.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2003339_9-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2003339-9" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup> Theologian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dunn_(theologian)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="James Dunn (theologian)">James D. G. Dunn</a> states that they "command almost universal assent" and "rank so high on the 'almost impossible to doubt or deny' scale of historical facts" that they are often the starting points for the study of the historical Jesus.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2003339_9-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2003339-9" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup> Scholars adduce the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criterion_of_embarrassment" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Criterion of embarrassment">criterion of embarrassment</a>, saying that early Christians would not have invented a baptism that might imply that Jesus committed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sin">sins</a> and wanted to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repentance" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Repentance">repent</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell199847_343-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell199847-343" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[326]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-344" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-344" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[327]</a></sup>According to Theissen and Merz, Jesus was inspired by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Baptist" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> and took over from him many elements of his teaching.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998235_345-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998235-345" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[328]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Ministry_in_Galilee">Ministry in Galilee</span></h4>
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Most scholars hold that Jesus lived in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilee" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Judea">Judea</a> and did not preach or study elsewhere.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Dunn303_346-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Dunn303-346" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[329]</a></sup> They agree that Jesus debated with Jewish authorities on the subject of God, performed some healings, taught in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parable" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Parable">parables</a> and gathered followers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine20064_36-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine20064-36" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[27]</a></sup> Jesus' Jewish critics considered his ministry to be scandalous because he feasted with sinners, fraternized with women, and allowed his followers to pluck grain on the Sabbath.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5GIntro_92-30" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-5GIntro-92" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[80]</a></sup> According to Sanders, it is not plausible that disagreements over how to interpret the Law of Moses and the Sabbath would have led Jewish authorities to want Jesus killed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1993205–23_347-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1993205%E2%80%9323-347" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[330]</a></sup></div>
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According to Ehrman, Jesus taught that a coming kingdom was everyone's proper focus, not anything in this life.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman1999167–70_348-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman1999167%E2%80%9370-348" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[331]</a></sup> He taught about the Jewish Law, seeking its true meaning, sometimes in opposition to other traditions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman1999164–67_349-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman1999164%E2%80%9367-349" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[332]</a></sup> Jesus put love at the center of the Law, and following that Law was an apocalyptic necessity.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman1999164–67_349-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman1999164%E2%80%9367-349" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[332]</a></sup> His ethical teachings called for forgiveness, not judging others, loving enemies, and caring for the poor.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman1999171–76_350-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman1999171%E2%80%9376-350" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[333]</a></sup> Funk and Hoover note that typical of Jesus were <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradox" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paradox">paradoxical</a> or surprising turns of phrase, such as advising one, when struck on the cheek, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turning_the_other_cheek" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Turning the other cheek">to offer the other cheek</a> to be struck as well (Luke 6:29).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-351" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-351" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[334]</a></sup></div>
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The Gospels portray Jesus teaching in well-defined sessions, such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a> in the Gospel of Matthew or the parallel <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Plain" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sermon on the Plain">Sermon on the Plain</a> in Luke. According to Gerd Theissen and Annette Merz, these teaching sessions include authentic teachings of Jesus, but the scenes were invented by the respective evangelists to frame these teachings, which had originally been recorded without context.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199817–62_107-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199817%E2%80%9362-107" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[95]</a></sup> While Jesus' <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracle" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Miracle">miracles</a> fit within the social context of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_history" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ancient history">antiquity</a>, he defined them differently. First, he attributed them to the faith of those healed. Second, he connected them to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_time" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="End time">end times</a> prophecy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998310_352-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998310-352" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[335]</a></sup></div>
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Jesus chose <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostle_(Christian)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Apostle (Christian)">twelve disciples</a> <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders199310_353-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders199310-353" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[336]</a></sup> (the "Twelve"), evidently as an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocalypticism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Apocalypticism">apocalyptic</a> message.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman1999186–87_354-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman1999186%E2%80%9387-354" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[337]</a></sup> All three Synoptics mention the Twelve, although the names on Luke's list vary from those in Mark and Matthew, suggesting that Christians were not certain who all the disciples were.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman1999186–87_354-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman1999186%E2%80%9387-354" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[337]</a></sup> The 12 disciples might have represented the twelve original <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Twelve Tribes of Israel">tribes of Israel</a>, which would be restored once God's rule was instituted.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman1999186–87_354-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman1999186%E2%80%9387-354" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[337]</a></sup> The disciples were reportedly meant to be the rulers of the tribes in the coming Kingdom (Matthew 19:28, Luke 22:30).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman1999186–87_354-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman1999186%E2%80%9387-354" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[337]</a></sup>According to Bart Ehrman, Jesus' promise that the Twelve would rule is historical, because the Twelve included <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a>. In Ehrman's view, no Christians would have invented a line from Jesus, promising rulership to the disciple who betrayed him.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman1999186–87_354-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman1999186%E2%80%9387-354" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[337]</a></sup> In Mark, the disciples play hardly any role other than a negative one. While others sometimes respond to Jesus with complete faith, his disciples are puzzled and doubtful.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1993123–24_355-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1993123%E2%80%9324-355" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[338]</a></sup> They serve as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foil_(literature)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Foil (literature)">foil</a> to Jesus and to other characters.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1993123–24_355-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1993123%E2%80%9324-355" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[338]</a></sup> The failings of the disciples are probably exaggerated in Mark, and the disciples make a better showing in Matthew and Luke.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1993123–24_355-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1993123%E2%80%9324-355" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[338]</a></sup></div>
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Sanders says that Jesus' mission was not about <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repentance" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Repentance">repentance</a>, although he acknowledges that this opinion is unpopular. He argues that repentance appears as a strong theme only in Luke, that repentance was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Baptist" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>'s message, and that Jesus' ministry would not have been scandalous if the sinners he ate with had been repentant.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1993230–36_356-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1993230%E2%80%9336-356" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[339]</a></sup> According to Theissen and Merz, Jesus taught that God was generously giving people an opportunity to repent.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998336_357-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998336-357" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[340]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Role">Role</span></h4>
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Jesus taught that an apocalyptic figure, the "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_of_man_(Christianity)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Son of man (Christianity)">Son of Man</a>", would soon come on clouds of glory to gather the elect, or chosen ones (Mark 13:24–27, Matthew 24:29–31, Luke 21:25–28). He referred to himself as a "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_of_man" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Son of man">son of man</a>" in the colloquial sense of "a person", but scholars do not know whether he also meant himself when he referred to the heavenly "Son of Man". <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> and other early Christians interpreted the "Son of Man" as the risen Jesus.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Britannica_54-10" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Britannica-54" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[44]</a></sup></div>
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The title <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_(title)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a>, or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messiah" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>, indicates that Jesus' followers believed him to be the anointed heir of King <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="David">David</a>, whom some Jews expected to save Israel. The Gospels refer to him not only as a Messiah but in the absolute form as "the Messiah" or, equivalently, "the Christ". In early Judaism, this absolute form of the title is not found, but only phrases such as "his Messiah". The tradition is ambiguous enough to leave room for debate as to whether Jesus defined his <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eschatology" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eschatology">eschatological</a> role as that of the Messiah.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Messiah_358-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Messiah-358" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[341]</a></sup> The Jewish messianic tradition included many different forms, some of them focused on a Messiah figure and others not.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998533–40_359-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998533%E2%80%9340-359" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[342]</a></sup> Based on the Christian tradition, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Theissen" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gerd Theissen">Gerd Theissen</a> advances the hypothesis that Jesus saw himself in messianic terms but did not claim the title "Messiah".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998533–40_359-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998533%E2%80%9340-359" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[342]</a></sup> Bart Ehrman argues that Jesus did consider himself to be the Messiah, albeit in the sense that he would be the king of the new political order that God would usher in,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-360" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-360" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[343]</a></sup> not in the sense that most people today think of the term.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-361" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-361" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[344]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Passover_and_crucifixion_in_Jerusalem">Passover and crucifixion in Jerusalem</span></h4>
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Around AD 30, Jesus and his followers traveled from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilee" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> to observe <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passover" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Passover">Passover</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders199310_353-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders199310-353" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[336]</a></sup> Jesus caused a disturbance in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Temple" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders199311_38-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders199311-38" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[29]</a></sup> which was the center of Jewish religious and civil authority. Sanders associates it with Jesus' prophecy that the Temple would be totally demolished.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1993254–62_362-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1993254%E2%80%9362-362" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[345]</a></sup> Jesus had a last meal with his disciples, which is the origin of the Christian sacrament of bread and wine. Jesus' words are recorded in the Synoptics and in Paul's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">First Epistle to the Corinthians</a>. The differences in the accounts cannot be completely reconciled, and it is impossible to know what Jesus intended, but in general the meal seems to point forward to the coming Kingdom. Jesus probably expected to be killed, and he may have hoped that God would intervene.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1993263–64_363-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1993263%E2%80%9364-363" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[346]</a></sup></div>
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The Gospels say that Jesus was betrayed to the authorities by a disciple, and many scholars consider this report to be highly reliable.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Jesus_Christ_155-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Jesus_Christ-155" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[141]</a></sup> He was executed on the orders of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a>, the Roman <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefect" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Prefect">prefect</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea_(Roman_province)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Judea (Roman province)">Judaea</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders199311_38-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders199311-38" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[29]</a></sup> Pilate most likely saw Jesus' reference to the Kingdom of God as a threat to Roman authority and worked with the Temple elites to have Jesus executed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998465–66_364-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998465%E2%80%9366-364" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[347]</a></sup> The Sadducean high-priestly leaders of the Temple more plausibly had Jesus executed for political reasons than for his teaching.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Jesus_Christ_155-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Jesus_Christ-155" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[141]</a></sup> They may have regarded him as a threat to stability, especially after he caused a disturbance at the Second Temple.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Jesus_Christ_155-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Jesus_Christ-155" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[141]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-JE1906_53-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-JE1906-53" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[43]</a></sup> Other factors, such as Jesus' triumphal entry into Jerusalem, may have contributed to this decision.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1993269–73_365-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1993269%E2%80%9373-365" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[348]</a></sup> Most scholars consider Jesus' crucifixion to be factual, because early Christians would not have invented the painful death of their leader.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2003339_9-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2003339-9" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeier2006126–28_366-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeier2006126%E2%80%9328-366" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[349]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="After_crucifixion">After crucifixion</span></h4>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Resurrection_Beaufort_arms_in_border_(f._131)_Cropped.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2417" data-file-width="1894" decoding="async" height="217" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/The_Resurrection_Beaufort_arms_in_border_%28f._131%29_Cropped.jpg/170px-The_Resurrection_Beaufort_arms_in_border_%28f._131%29_Cropped.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/The_Resurrection_Beaufort_arms_in_border_%28f._131%29_Cropped.jpg/255px-The_Resurrection_Beaufort_arms_in_border_%28f._131%29_Cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/The_Resurrection_Beaufort_arms_in_border_%28f._131%29_Cropped.jpg/340px-The_Resurrection_Beaufort_arms_in_border_%28f._131%29_Cropped.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="170" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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<a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Resurrection_Beaufort_arms_in_border_(f._131)_Cropped.jpg" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2215%22 height=%2211%22 viewBox=%220 0 11 15%22%3E %3Cg id=%22magnify-clip%22 fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%23000%22%3E %3Cpath id=%22bigbox%22 d=%22M1.509 1.865h10.99v7.919H1.509z%22/%3E %3Cpath id=%22smallbox%22 d=%22M-1.499 6.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #0b0080; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
The Resurrection of Christ from a 16th-century manuscript of <i>La Passion de Nostre Seigneur</i></div>
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After Jesus' death, his followers said he rose from the dead, although exact details of their experiences are unclear. According to Sanders, the Gospel reports contradict each other, which, according to him, suggests competition among those claiming to have seen him first rather than deliberate fraud.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1993276–81_367-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1993276%E2%80%9381-367" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[350]</a></sup> On the other hand, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Michael_White" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="L. Michael White">L. Michael White</a> suggests that inconsistencies in the Gospels reflect differences in the agendas of their unknown authors.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-White_328-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-White-328" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[311]</a></sup> The followers of Jesus formed a community to wait for his return and the founding of his kingdom.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders199311_38-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders199311-38" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[29]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Portraits_of_Jesus">Portraits of Jesus</span></h3>
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Main article: <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portraits_of_the_historical_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Portraits of the historical Jesus">Portraits of the historical Jesus</a></div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apsis_mosaic,_Santa_Pudenziana,_Rome_W3.JPG" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2376" data-file-width="3168" decoding="async" height="195" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Apsis_mosaic%2C_Santa_Pudenziana%2C_Rome_W3.JPG/260px-Apsis_mosaic%2C_Santa_Pudenziana%2C_Rome_W3.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Apsis_mosaic%2C_Santa_Pudenziana%2C_Rome_W3.JPG/390px-Apsis_mosaic%2C_Santa_Pudenziana%2C_Rome_W3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Apsis_mosaic%2C_Santa_Pudenziana%2C_Rome_W3.JPG/520px-Apsis_mosaic%2C_Santa_Pudenziana%2C_Rome_W3.JPG 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="260" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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<a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apsis_mosaic,_Santa_Pudenziana,_Rome_W3.JPG" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2215%22 height=%2211%22 viewBox=%220 0 11 15%22%3E %3Cg id=%22magnify-clip%22 fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%23000%22%3E %3Cpath id=%22bigbox%22 d=%22M1.509 1.865h10.99v7.919H1.509z%22/%3E %3Cpath id=%22smallbox%22 d=%22M-1.499 6.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #0b0080; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Pantocrator" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christ Pantocrator">Christ Pantocrator</a> in a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_mosaic" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Roman mosaic">Roman mosaic</a> in the church of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Pudenziana" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Santa Pudenziana">Santa Pudenziana</a>, Rome, c. 400–410 AD during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a></div>
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Modern research on the historical Jesus has not led to a unified picture of the historical figure, partly because of the variety of academic traditions represented by the scholars.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenWinter20024–5_368-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenWinter20024%E2%80%935-368" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[351]</a></sup> Given the scarcity of historical sources, it is generally difficult for any scholar to construct a portrait of Jesus that can be considered historically valid beyond the basic elements of his life.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKöstenbergerKellumQuarles2009117–25_104-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK%C3%B6stenbergerKellumQuarles2009117%E2%80%9325-104" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[92]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman199922–23_105-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman199922%E2%80%9323-105" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[93]</a></sup> The portraits of Jesus constructed in these quests often differ from each other, and from the image portrayed in the gospels.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenWinter20025_369-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenWinter20025-369" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[352]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Historical_Jesus,_Quest_of_the_370-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Historical_Jesus,_Quest_of_the-370" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[353]</a></sup></div>
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Jesus is seen as the founder of, in the words of Sanders, a '"renewal movement within Judaism." One of the criteria used to discern historical details in the "third quest" is the criterion of plausibility, relative to Jesus' Jewish context and to his influence on Christianity. A disagreement in contemporary research is whether Jesus was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocalypticism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Apocalypticism">apocalyptic</a>. Most scholars conclude that he was an apocalyptic preacher, like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Baptist" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a>. In contrast, certain prominent North American scholars, such as <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burton_Mack" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Burton Mack">Burton Mack</a> and John Dominic Crossan, advocate for a non-eschatological Jesus, one who is more of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynic</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sage_(philosophy)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sage (philosophy)">sage</a> than an apocalyptic preacher.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz19981–15_371-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz19981%E2%80%9315-371" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[354]</a></sup> In addition to portraying Jesus as an apocalyptic prophet, a charismatic healer or a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">cynic philosopher</a>, some scholars portray him as the true Messiah or an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egalitarianism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarian</a> prophet of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_change" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Social change">social change</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CambHist23_372-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-CambHist23-372" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[355]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKöstenbergerKellumQuarles2009124–25_373-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK%C3%B6stenbergerKellumQuarles2009124%E2%80%9325-373" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[356]</a></sup> However, the attributes described in the portraits sometimes overlap, and scholars who differ on some attributes sometimes agree on others.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-374" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-374" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[357]</a></sup></div>
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Since the 18th century, scholars have occasionally put forth that Jesus was a political national messiah, but the evidence for this portrait is negligible. Likewise, the proposal that Jesus was a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zealots_(Judea)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Zealots (Judea)">Zealot</a> does not fit with the earliest strata of the Synoptic tradition.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Jesus_Christ_155-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Jesus_Christ-155" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[141]</a></sup></div>
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<span id="Language.2C_ethnicity.2C_and_appearance"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Language,_ethnicity,_and_appearance">Language, ethnicity, and appearance</span></h3>
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Further information: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Language of Jesus">Language of Jesus</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_appearance_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Race and appearance of Jesus">Race and appearance of Jesus</a></div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CompositeJesus.JPG" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Twelve depictions of Jesus from around the world" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="398" data-file-width="272" decoding="async" height="293" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/CompositeJesus.JPG/200px-CompositeJesus.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/CompositeJesus.JPG 1.5x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="200" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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The ethnicity of Jesus in art has been influenced by cultural settings.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoulden200663–99_375-0" style="font-size: 9.89632px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoulden200663%E2%80%9399-375" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[358]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Erricker44_376-0" style="font-size: 9.89632px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Erricker44-376" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[359]</a></sup></div>
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As the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Genealogy of Jesus">biological son of David</a>, Jesus would be of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Who is a Jew?">Jewish race, ethnicity, nation, and culture</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-377" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-377" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[360]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-378" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-378" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[361]</a></sup> One argument against this would be a contradiction in Jesus' genealogies: Matthew saying he is the son of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Solomon">Solomon</a>and Luke saying he is the son of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_(son_of_David)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nathan (son of David)">Nathan</a>—Solomon and Nathan being brothers. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Damascus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a> taught that there is no contradiction, for Nathan wed Solomon's wife after Solomon died in accordance with scripture, namely, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yibbum" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Yibbum">yibbum</a> (the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitzvah" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mitzvah">mitzvah</a> that a man must marry his brother's childless widow).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-379" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-379" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[362]</a></sup></div>
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Jesus grew up in Galilee and much of his ministry took place there.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenMcKnightMarshall1992442_380-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenMcKnightMarshall1992442-380" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[363]</a></sup> The languages spoken in Galilee and Judea during the 1st century AD include <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jewish Palestinian Aramaic">Jewish Palestinian Aramaic</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koine_Greek" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Koine Greek">Greek</a>, with Aramaic being predominant.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BarrLang_381-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-BarrLang-381" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[364]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Porter110_382-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Porter110-382" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[365]</a></sup> There is substantial consensus that Jesus gave most of his teachings in Aramaic.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2003313–15_383-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2003313%E2%80%9315-383" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[366]</a></sup></div>
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Modern scholars agree that Jesus was a Jew of 1st-century <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_(region)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman199996_384-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman199996-384" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[367]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Celebrating_sacraments_385-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Celebrating_sacraments-385" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[368]</a></sup> <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioudaios" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ioudaios">Ioudaios</a></i> in New Testament Greek<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-387" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-387" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[r]</a></sup> is a term which in the contemporary context may refer to religion (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a>), ethnicity (of Judea), or both.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-388" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-388" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[370]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-389" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-389" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[371]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-390" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-390" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[372]</a></sup> In a review of the state of modern scholarship, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy-Jill_Levine" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Amy-Jill Levine">Amy-Jill Levine</a> writes that the entire question of ethnicity is "fraught with difficulty", and that "beyond recognizing that 'Jesus was Jewish', rarely does the scholarship address what being 'Jewish' means".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine200610_391-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine200610-391" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[373]</a></sup></div>
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The New Testament describes Jesus wearing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzitzit" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tzitzit">tzitzit</a>—the tassels on a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallit" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tallit">tallit</a>—in Matthew 14:36<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-392" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-392" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[374]</a></sup> and Luke 8:43–44.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-393" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-393" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[375]</a></sup> Besides this, the New Testament gives no description of the physical appearance of Jesus before his death—it is generally indifferent to racial appearances and does not refer to the features of the people it mentions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-394" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-394" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[376]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Perkinson30_395-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Perkinson30-395" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[377]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kidd48_396-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Kidd48-396" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[378]</a></sup> Jesus probably looked like a typical Jew of his time and according to some scholars was likely to have had a sinewy appearance due to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homelessness_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Homelessness of Jesus">his ascetic and itinerant lifestyle</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-397" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-397" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[379]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Christ_myth_theory">Christ myth theory</span></h3>
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Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_myth_theory" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christ myth theory">Christ myth theory</a></div>
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The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_myth_theory" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christ myth theory">Christ myth theory</a> is the hypothesis that Jesus of Nazareth never existed; or if he did, that he had virtually nothing to do with the founding of Christianity and the accounts in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospels" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gospels">gospels</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-399" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-399" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[s]</a></sup> Stories of Jesus' birth, along with other key events, have so many mythic elements that some scholars have suggested that Jesus himself was a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myth" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Myth">myth</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998113–15_400-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998113%E2%80%9315-400" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[381]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Bauer" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bruno Bauer">Bruno Bauer</a> (1809–1882) taught that the first Gospel was a work of literature that produced history rather than described it.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199890_401-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199890-401" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[382]</a></sup> According to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Kalthoff" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Albert Kalthoff">Albert Kalthoff</a> (1850–1906) a social movement produced Jesus when it encountered Jewish messianic expectations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199890_401-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199890-401" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[382]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Drews" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Arthur Drews">Arthur Drews</a> (1865–1935) saw Jesus as the concrete form of a myth that predated Christianity.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199890_401-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199890-401" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[382]</a></sup> Despite arguments put forward by authors who have questioned the existence of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Historical Jesus">historical Jesus</a>, there remains a strong consensus in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_criticism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Historical criticism">historical-critical biblical scholarship</a> that a historical Jesus did live in that area and in that time period.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-DunnPaul35_402-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-DunnPaul35-402" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[383]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Then'_2004_page_34_403-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Then'_2004_page_34-403" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[384]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Jesus'_page_200_404-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Jesus'_page_200-404" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[385]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Jesus'_page_145_405-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Jesus'_page_145-405" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[386]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-voorst16_406-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-voorst16-406" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[387]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-407" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-407" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[388]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-408" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-408" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[389]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Perspectives">Perspectives</span></h2>
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Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_perspectives_on_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Religious perspectives on Jesus">Religious perspectives on Jesus</a></div>
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Apart from his own disciples and followers, the Jews of Jesus' day generally rejected him as the Messiah, as do the great majority of Jews today. Christian theologians, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecumenical_council" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ecumenical council">ecumenical councils</a>, reformers and others have written extensively about Jesus over the centuries. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_sect" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christian sect">Christian sects</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_schisms" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christian schisms">schisms</a> have often been defined or characterized by their descriptions of Jesus. Meanwhile, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manichaeism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeans</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosticism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gnosticism">Gnostics</a>, Muslims, Baha'is, and others have found prominent places for Jesus in their religions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-409" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-409" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[390]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-410" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-410" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[391]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-411" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-411" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[392]</a></sup> Jesus has also had detractors, both past and present.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Christian">Christian</span></h3>
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Main articles: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus in Christianity</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_(title)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christ (title)">Christ (title)</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christology" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christology">Christology</a></div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="468" data-file-width="520" decoding="async" height="198" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg/220px-Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg/330px-Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg/440px-Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg.png 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> is the belief in Christianity that God is one God in three persons: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_the_Father" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="God the Father">God the Father</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_the_Son" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="God the Son">God the Son</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a>), and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Spirit_(Christianity)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Holy Spirit (Christianity)">God the Holy Spirit</a>.</div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christ_with_beard.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="558" decoding="async" height="237" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Christ_with_beard.jpg/220px-Christ_with_beard.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Christ_with_beard.jpg/330px-Christ_with_beard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Christ_with_beard.jpg/440px-Christ_with_beard.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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Jesus is depicted with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_and_Omega" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Alpha and Omega">Alpha and Omega</a> letters in the catacombs of Rome from the 4th century.</div>
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Jesus is the central figure of Christianity.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath20064–6_20-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath20064%E2%80%936-20" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup> Although Christian views of Jesus vary, it is possible to summarize the key beliefs shared among major <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_denomination" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christian denomination">denominations</a>, as stated in their <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catechism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Catechism">catechetical</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confessionalism_(religion)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Confessionalism (religion)">confessional</a> texts.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-412" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-412" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[393]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-413" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-413" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[394]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-414" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-414" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[395]</a></sup>Christian views of Jesus are derived from various sources, including the canonical gospels and New Testament letters such as the Pauline epistles and the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannine_writings" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Johannine writings">Johannine writings</a>. These documents outline the key beliefs held by Christians about Jesus, including his divinity, humanity, and earthly life, and that he is the Christ and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son of God</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-415" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-415" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[396]</a></sup> Despite their many shared beliefs, not all Christian denominations agree on all doctrines, and both <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="East–West Schism">major and minor differences</a> on teachings and beliefs have persisted throughout Christianity for centuries.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Great_Schism_416-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Great_Schism-416" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[397]</a></sup></div>
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The New Testament states that the resurrection of Jesus is the foundation of the Christian faith (<a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/1_Corinthians#15:12" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/1 Corinthians">1 Corinthians 15:12–20</a>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-417" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-417" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[398]</a></sup> Christians believe that through his <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrifice#Christinity" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sacrifice">sacrificial</a> death and resurrection, humans can be <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconciliation_(theology)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Reconciliation (theology)">reconciled with God</a> and are thereby offered <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvation_(Christianity)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Salvation (Christianity)">salvation</a> and the promise of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternal_life_(Christianity)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eternal life (Christianity)">eternal life</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Oxford_Companion_45-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Oxford_Companion-45" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[35]</a></sup> Recalling the words of John the Baptist on the day after Jesus' baptism, these doctrines sometimes refer to Jesus as the Lamb of God, who was crucified to fulfill his role as the servant of God.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-418" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-418" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[399]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-419" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-419" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[400]</a></sup> Jesus is thus seen as the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Adam" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Adam">new and last Adam</a>, whose obedience contrasts with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_man" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fall of man">Adam's disobedience</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-420" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-420" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[401]</a></sup> Christians view Jesus as a role model, whose God-focused life believers are encouraged to imitate.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath20064–6_20-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath20064%E2%80%936-20" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></div>
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Most Christians believe that Jesus was both human and the Son of God.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ehrman_Jesus_became_God_21-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Ehrman_Jesus_became_God-21" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup> While there has been <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christological_controversies" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christological controversies">theological debate</a> over his nature,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-422" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-422" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[t]</a></sup> Trinitarian Christians generally believe that Jesus is the Logos, God's incarnation and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_the_Son" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="God the Son">God the Son</a>, both fully divine and fully human. However, the doctrine of the Trinity is not universally accepted among Christians.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-423" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-423" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[403]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-424" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-424" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[404]</a></sup> With the Protestant Reformation, Christians such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Servetus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Michael Servetus">Michael Servetus</a> and the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socinian" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Socinian">Socinians</a> started questioning the ancient creeds that had established Jesus' two natures.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Britannica_54-13" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Britannica-54" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[44]</a></sup> Nontrinitarian Christian groups include <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-425" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-425" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[405]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarianism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Unitarianism">Unitarians</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Antitrinitarianism_421-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Antitrinitarianism-421" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[402]</a></sup></div>
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Christians revere not only Jesus himself, but also his <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Name of Jesus">name</a>. Devotions to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Name_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Holy Name of Jesus">Holy Name of Jesus</a> go back to the earliest days of Christianity.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-426" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-426" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[406]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoulden2006426_427-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoulden2006426-427" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[407]</a></sup> These devotions and feasts exist in both <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Church" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Western Church">Western Christianity</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoulden2006426_427-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoulden2006426-427" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[407]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Jewish">Jewish</span></h3>
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Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism%27s_view_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Judaism's view of Jesus">Judaism's view of Jesus</a></div>
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See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_in_the_Talmud" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jesus in the Talmud">Jesus in the Talmud</a></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> rejects the idea of Jesus being God,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-JE1906_53-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-JE1906-53" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[43]</a></sup> or a mediator to God, or part of a Trinity.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-428" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-428" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[408]</a></sup> It holds that Jesus is not the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Messianism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jewish Messianism">Messiah</a>, arguing that he neither fulfilled the Messianic prophecies in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanakh" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a> nor embodied the personal qualifications of the Messiah.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-429" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-429" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[409]</a></sup> Jews argue that Jesus did not fulfill prophesies to build the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Temple" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Third Temple">Third Temple</a> (<a class="external text" href="http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1237.htm#26" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">Ezekiel 37:26–28</a>), gather Jews back to Israel (<a class="external text" href="http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1043.htm#5" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">Isaiah 43:5–6</a>), bring world peace (<a class="external text" href="http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1002.htm#4" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">Isaiah 2:4</a>), and unite humanity under the God of Israel (<a class="external text" href="http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt2314.htm#9" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">Zechariah 14:9</a>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-simmons_430-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-simmons-430" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[410]</a></sup> Furthermore, according to Jewish tradition, there were no prophets after <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malachi" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Malachi">Malachi</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-431" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-431" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[411]</a></sup> who delivered his prophesies in the 5th century BC.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-432" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-432" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[412]</a></sup></div>
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Judaic criticism of Jesus is long-standing. The Talmud, written and compiled from the 3rd to the 5th century AD,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-433" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-433" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[413]</a></sup> includes <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_in_the_Talmud" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jesus in the Talmud">stories</a> that since medieval times have been considered to be defamatory accounts of Jesus.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-434" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-434" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[414]</a></sup> In one such story, <i>Yeshu HaNozri</i> ("Jesus the Nazarene"), a lewd apostate, is executed by the Jewish high court for spreading idolatry and practicing magic.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-435" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-435" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[415]</a></sup> The majority of contemporary scholars consider that this material provides no information on the historical Jesus.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199874–75_436-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199874%E2%80%9375-436" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[416]</a></sup> The <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></i>, a late 12th-century work of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halakha" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Halakha">Jewish law</a> written by <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_Maimonides" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Moses Maimonides">Moses Maimonides</a>, states that Jesus is a "stumbling block" who makes "the majority of the world to err and serve a god other than the Lord".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-437" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-437" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[417]</a></sup></div>
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Medieval Hebrew literature contains the anecdotal "Episode of Jesus" (known also as <i>Toledot Yeshu</i>), in which Jesus is described as being the son of Joseph, the son of Pandera (see: <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:Story_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Translation:Story of Jesus"><i>Episode of Jesus</i></a>). The account portrays Jesus as an impostor.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sutcliffe2005_438-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Sutcliffe2005-438" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[418]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Islamic">Islamic</span></h3>
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Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jesus in Islam">Jesus in Islam</a></div>
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The name <i>Jesus son of Mary</i>written in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic calligraphy</a> followed by <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_be_upon_him_(Islam)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Peace be upon him (Islam)">Peace be upon him</a></div>
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A major figure in Islam,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-uscsite_49-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-uscsite-49" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[39]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Siddiqui_51-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Siddiqui-51" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[41]</a></sup> Jesus (commonly transliterated as <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isa_(name)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Isa (name)">ʾĪsā</a></i>) is considered to be a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostle_(Islam)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Apostle (Islam)">messenger</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Islam" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="God in Islam">God</a> (<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Allah">Allah</a></i>) and the Messiah (<i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messiah_in_Islam" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Messiah in Islam">al-Masih</a></i>) who was sent to guide the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelites" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Israelites">Children of Israel</a> (<i>Bani Isra'il</i>) with a new scripture, the Gospel (referred to in Islam as <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_in_Islam" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gospel in Islam">Injil</a></i>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CEI_50-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-CEI-50" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[40]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-439" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-439" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[419]</a></sup> Muslims regard the gospels of the New Testament as inauthentic, and believe that Jesus' original message was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahrif" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tahrif">lost or altered</a> and that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a> came later to restore it.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-440" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-440" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[420]</a></sup> Belief in Jesus (and all other <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophets_in_Islam" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Prophets in Islam">messengers of God</a>) is a requirement for being a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-441" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-441" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[421]</a></sup> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jesus in Islam">Quran mentions Jesus</a> by name 25 times—more often than Muhammad<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-442" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-442" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[422]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-443" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-443" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[423]</a></sup>—and emphasizes that Jesus was a mortal human who, like all other prophets, had been divinely chosen to spread God's message.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-comparative_444-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-comparative-444" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[424]</a></sup> While the Qur'an affirms the Virgin birth of Jesus, he is considered to be neither the incarnation nor the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Son of God (Christianity)">son of God</a>. Islamic texts emphasize a strict notion of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotheism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a> (<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawhid" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tawhid">tawhid</a></i>) and forbid the association of partners with God, which would be <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Shirk (Islam)">idolatry</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-445" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-445" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[425]</a></sup> Like all <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophets_in_Islam" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Prophets in Islam">prophets in Islam</a>, Jesus is considered a Muslim.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-446" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-446" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[426]</a></sup></div>
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The Quran describes the annunciation to Mary (<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_in_Islam" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mary in Islam">Maryam</a></i>) by an angel that she is to give birth to Jesus while remaining a virgin. It calls the virgin birth a miracle that occurred by the will of God.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RobB32_447-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-RobB32-447" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[427]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Peters23_448-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Peters23-448" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[428]</a></sup> The Quran (21:91 and 66:12) states that God breathed <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Spirit_(Islam)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Holy Spirit (Islam)">his spirit</a> into Mary while she was chaste.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RobB32_447-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-RobB32-447" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[427]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Peters23_448-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Peters23-448" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[428]</a></sup> Jesus is called the "Spirit of God" because he was born through the action of the Spirit,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RobB32_447-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-RobB32-447" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[427]</a></sup> but that belief does not imply <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-existence_of_Christ" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pre-existence of Christ">his pre-existence</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-449" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-449" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[429]</a></sup></div>
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To aid in his ministry to the Jewish people, Jesus was given the ability to perform <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracle" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Miracle">miracles</a>, by permission of God rather than by his own power.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Morgan_52-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Morgan-52" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[42]</a></sup> Through his ministry, Jesus is seen as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precursor_(religion)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Precursor (religion)">precursor</a> to Muhammad.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-comparative_444-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-comparative-444" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[424]</a></sup> According to the Quran, Jesus was not crucified but was merely made to appear that way to unbelievers by Allah,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-450" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-450" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[430]</a></sup> who physically raised Jesus into the heavens.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-cite_quran|4|157|style=ref_451-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-cite_quran|4|157|style=ref-451" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[431]</a></sup> To Muslims, it is the ascension rather than the crucifixion that constitutes a major event in the life of Jesus.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Khalidi_452-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Khalidi-452" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[432]</a></sup> Most Muslims believe that Jesus will return to earth at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_time#Islam" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="End time">end of time</a> and defeat the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antichrist" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a> (<i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masih_ad-Dajjal" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Masih ad-Dajjal">ad-Dajjal</a></i>) by killing him in Lud.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CEI_50-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-CEI-50" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[40]</a></sup></div>
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The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadiyya" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya Muslim Community</a> has several <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_in_Ahmadiyya_Islam" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jesus in Ahmadiyya Islam">distinct teachings</a> about Jesus. Ahmadis believe that he was a mortal man who survived his crucifixion and died a natural death at the age of 120 in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="India">India</a> and is buried at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roza_Bal" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Roza Bal">Roza Bal</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Melton55_453-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Melton55-453" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[433]</a></sup></div>
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<span id="Bah.C3.A1.27.C3.AD"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Bahá'í">Bahá'í</span></h3>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bahá'í Faith">Bahá'í</a> teachings consider Jesus to be a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifestation_of_God" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Manifestation of God">manifestation of God</a>, a Bahá'í concept for prophets<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-stockman_454-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-stockman-454" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[434]</a></sup>—intermediaries between God and humanity, serving as messengers and reflecting God's qualities and attributes.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-manifestation_455-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-manifestation-455" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[435]</a></sup> The Bahá'í concept emphasizes the simultaneous qualities of humanity and divinity;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-manifestation_455-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-manifestation-455" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[435]</a></sup> thus, it is similar to the Christian concept of incarnation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-stockman_454-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-stockman-454" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[434]</a></sup> Bahá'í thought accepts Jesus as the Son of God.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Smith-jesus_456-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Smith-jesus-456" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[436]</a></sup> In Bahá'í thought, Jesus was a perfect incarnation of God's attributes, but Bahá'í teachings reject the idea that "ineffable essence" of the Divinity was contained within a single human body because of their beliefs regarding "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnipresence" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Omnipresence">omnipresence</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)#Bah%C3%A1'%C3%AD_Faith" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Transcendence (religion)">transcendence</a> of the essence of God".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-stockman_454-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-stockman-454" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[434]</a></sup></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27u%27ll%C3%A1h" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bahá'u'lláh">Bahá'u'lláh</a>, the founder of the Bahá'í Faith, wrote that since each manifestation of God has the same divine attributes, they can be seen as the spiritual "return" of all previous manifestations of God, and the appearance of each new manifestation of God inaugurates a religion that supersedes the former ones, a concept known as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_revelation_(Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Progressive revelation (Bahá'í)">progressive revelation</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-manifestation_455-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-manifestation-455" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[435]</a></sup> Bahá'ís believe that God's plan unfolds gradually through this process as mankind matures, and that some of the manifestations arrive in specific fulfillment of the missions of previous ones. Thus, Bahá'ís believe that Bahá'u'lláh is the promised return of Christ.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-psmith128_457-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-psmith128-457" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[437]</a></sup> Bahá'í teachings confirm many, but not all, aspects of Jesus as portrayed in the gospels. Bahá'ís believe in the virgin birth and in the Crucifixion,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lepart118_458-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Lepart118-458" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[438]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Cole_459-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Cole-459" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[439]</a></sup> but see the Resurrection and the miracles of Jesus as symbolic.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Smith-jesus_456-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Smith-jesus-456" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[436]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Cole_459-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Cole-459" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[439]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Other">Other</span></h3>
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See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Criticism of Jesus">Criticism of Jesus</a></div>
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Enthroned Jesus image on a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manichaeism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Manichaeism">Manichaean</a> temple banner from ca. 10th-century <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qocho" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Qocho">Qocho</a>.</div>
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In Christian Gnosticism (now a largely extinct religious movement),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-460" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-460" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[440]</a></sup> Jesus was sent from the divine realm and provided the secret knowledge (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosis" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gnosis">gnosis</a>) necessary for salvation. Most Gnostics believed that Jesus was a human who became possessed by the spirit of "the Christ" at his baptism. This spirit left Jesus' body during the crucifixion, but was rejoined to him when he was raised from the dead. Some Gnostics, however, were <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docetism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Docetism">docetics</a>, believed that Jesus did not have a physical body, but only appeared to possess one.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-461" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-461" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[441]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manichaeism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a>, a Gnostic sect, accepted Jesus as a prophet, in addition to revering <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroaster" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Zoroaster">Zoroaster</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-462" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-462" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[442]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-463" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-463" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[443]</a></sup></div>
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Some <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hinduism">Hindus</a> consider Jesus to be an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Avatar">avatar</a> or a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadhu" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sadhu">sadhu</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-464" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-464" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[444]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Paramahansa Yogananda</a>, an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_people" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Indian people">Indian</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Guru">guru</a>, taught that Jesus was the reincarnation of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisha" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Elisha">Elisha</a> and a student of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Baptist" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>, the reincarnation of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elijah" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Elijah">Elijah</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-465" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-465" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[445]</a></sup> Some <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Buddhist">Buddhists</a>, including <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenzin_Gyatso,_14th_Dalai_Lama" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama">Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama</a>, regard Jesus as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhisattva" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattva</a> who dedicated his life to the welfare of people.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-466" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-466" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[446]</a></sup> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Age" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Age">New Age</a> movement entertains a wide variety of views on Jesus.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-other_views_467-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-other_views-467" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[447]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theosophy_(Blavatskian)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Theosophy (Blavatskian)">Theosophists</a>, from whom many New Age teachings originated,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-468" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-468" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[448]</a></sup> refer to Jesus as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Master Jesus">Master Jesus</a>, a spiritual <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Reform">reformer</a>, and they believe that Christ, after <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reincarnation" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Reincarnation">various incarnations</a>, occupied the body of Jesus.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-469" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-469" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[449]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_in_Scientology" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jesus in Scientology">Scientologists recognize</a> Jesus (along with other religious figures such as Zoroaster, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, and Buddha) as part of their "religious heritage".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-other_views_467-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-other_views-467" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[447]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-470" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-470" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[450]</a></sup> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheist" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Atheist">Atheists</a> reject Jesus' divinity, but have differing views on Jesus' moral teachings. For example, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a> has called him "a great moral teacher".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-471" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-471" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[451]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Artistic_depictions">Artistic depictions</span></h2>
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Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Depiction of Jesus">Depiction of Jesus</a></div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dura-europos-paralytic.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="An ancient wall painting depicting Jesus" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="527" data-file-width="333" decoding="async" height="269" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Dura-europos-paralytic.jpg/170px-Dura-europos-paralytic.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Dura-europos-paralytic.jpg/255px-Dura-europos-paralytic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Dura-europos-paralytic.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="170" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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Jesus healing a paralytic in one of the first known images of Jesus from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dura-Europos_synagogue" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dura-Europos synagogue">Dura Europos</a> in the 2nd century<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-472" style="font-size: 9.89632px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-472" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[452]</a></sup></div>
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Some of the earliest depictions of Jesus at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dura-Europos_church" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dura-Europos church">Dura-Europos church</a> are firmly dated to before 256.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-473" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-473" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[453]</a></sup> Thereafter, despite the lack of biblical references or historical records, a wide range of depictions of Jesus appeared during the last two millennia, often influenced by cultural settings, political circumstances and theological contexts.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoulden200663–99_375-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoulden200663%E2%80%9399-375" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[358]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Erricker44_376-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Erricker44-376" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[359]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Perkinson30_395-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Perkinson30-395" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[377]</a></sup> As in other <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Christian_art" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Early Christian art">Early Christian art</a>, the earliest depictions date to the late 2nd or early 3rd century, and surviving images are found especially in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catacombs_of_Rome" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Catacombs of Rome">Catacombs of Rome</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-474" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-474" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[454]</a></sup></div>
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The depiction of Christ in pictorial form was highly <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aniconism_in_Christianity" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Aniconism in Christianity">controversial</a> in the early church.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-phschaff_475-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-phschaff-475" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[455]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-476" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-476" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[u]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Elvira36_477-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Elvira36-477" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[456]</a></sup> From the 5th century onward, flat painted icons became popular in the Eastern Church.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Icons_478-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Icons-478" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[457]</a></sup> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a> acted as a barrier to developments in the East, but by the ninth century, art was permitted again.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoulden200663–99_375-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoulden200663%E2%80%9399-375" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[358]</a></sup> The <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> brought renewed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aniconism_in_Christianity" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Aniconism in Christianity">resistance to imagery</a>, but total prohibition was atypical, and Protestant objections to images have tended to reduce since the 16th century. Although large images are generally avoided, few Protestants now object to book illustrations depicting Jesus.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-479" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-479" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[458]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-480" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-480" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[459]</a></sup> The use of depictions of Jesus is advocated by the leaders of denominations such as <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicans" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Anglicans">Anglicans</a> and Catholics<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RWilliams83_481-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-RWilliams83-481" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[460]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-482" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-482" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[461]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-483" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-483" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[462]</a></sup> and is a key element of the Eastern Orthodox tradition.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoninger1999231_484-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoninger1999231-484" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[463]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-485" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-485" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[464]</a></sup></div>
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The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus_in_Christian_art" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Transfiguration of Jesus in Christian art">Transfiguration</a> was a major theme in Eastern Christian art, and every <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> monk who had trained in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icon" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Icon">icon</a> painting had to prove his craft by painting an icon depicting it.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-486" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-486" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[465]</a></sup> Icons receive the external marks of veneration, such as kisses and prostration, and they are thought to be powerful channels of divine grace.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Icons_478-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Icons-478" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[457]</a></sup> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> brought forth a number of artists who focused on depictions of Jesus; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fra_Angelico" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fra Angelico">Fra Angelico</a> and others followed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Giotto">Giotto</a> in the systematic development of uncluttered images.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoulden200663–99_375-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoulden200663%E2%80%9399-375" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[358]</a></sup></div>
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Before the Protestant Reformation, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifix" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Crucifix">crucifix</a> was common in Western Christianity. It is a model of the cross with Jesus crucified on it. The crucifix became the central ornament of the altar in the 13th century, a use that has been nearly universal in Roman Catholic churches since then.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Crucifix_487-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Crucifix-487" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[466]</a></sup></div>
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Jesus appears as an infant in a manger (feed trough) in Christmas creches, which depict the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nativity_scene" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nativity scene">Nativity scene</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EB16032015_488-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-EB16032015-488" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[467]</a></sup> He is typically joined by Mary, Joseph, animals, shepherds, angels, and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Magi" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Biblical Magi">Magi</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EB16032015_488-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-EB16032015-488" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[467]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a> (1181/82–1226) is credited with popularizing the creche, although he probably did not initiate it.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EB16032015_488-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-EB16032015-488" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[467]</a></sup> The creche reached its height of popularity in the 17th and 18th centuries in southern Europe.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EB16032015_488-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-EB16032015-488" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[467]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Associated_relics">Associated relics</span></h2>
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Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Relics associated with Jesus">Relics associated with Jesus</a></div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shroud_of_Turin_001.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="632" data-file-width="960" decoding="async" height="145" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Shroud_of_Turin_001.jpg/220px-Shroud_of_Turin_001.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Shroud_of_Turin_001.jpg/330px-Shroud_of_Turin_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Shroud_of_Turin_001.jpg/440px-Shroud_of_Turin_001.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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<a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shroud_of_Turin_001.jpg" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2215%22 height=%2211%22 viewBox=%220 0 11 15%22%3E %3Cg id=%22magnify-clip%22 fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%23000%22%3E %3Cpath id=%22bigbox%22 d=%22M1.509 1.865h10.99v7.919H1.509z%22/%3E %3Cpath id=%22smallbox%22 d=%22M-1.499 6.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #0b0080; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shroud_of_Turin" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Shroud of Turin">Shroud of Turin</a> (Italy) is the best-known claimed relic of Jesus and one of the most studied artifacts in human history.</div>
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The total destruction that ensued with the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70)">siege of Jerusalem</a> by the Romans in AD 70 made the survival of items from 1st-century Judea very rare and almost no direct records survive about the history of Judaism from the last part of the 1st century through the 2nd century.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine200624–25_489-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine200624%E2%80%9325-489" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[468]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Koester382_490-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-Koester382-490" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[469]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-492" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-492" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[v]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_M._Mitchell" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Margaret M. Mitchell">Margaret M. Mitchell</a> writes that although <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebius" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> reports (<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_History_(Eusebius)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Church History (Eusebius)">Ecclesiastical History</a></i> III 5.3) that the early Christians left Jerusalem for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pella,_Jordan" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pella, Jordan">Pella</a> just before Jerusalem was subjected to the final lock down, we must accept that no first hand Christian items from the early Jerusalem Church have reached us.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-493" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-493" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[471]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Nickell" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Joe Nickell">Joe Nickell</a> writes, "as investigation after investigation has shown, not a single, reliably authenticated relic of Jesus exists."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-494" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-494" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[472]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-497" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-497" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[w]</a></sup></div>
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However, throughout the history of Christianity a number of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relic" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Relic">relics</a> attributed to Jesus have been claimed, although doubt has been cast on them. The 16th-century Catholic theologian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a> wrote sarcastically about the proliferation of relics and the number of buildings that could have been constructed from the wood claimed to be from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Cross" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="True Cross">cross used in the Crucifixion</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDillenberger19995_498-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillenberger19995-498" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[475]</a></sup> Similarly, while experts debate whether Jesus was crucified with three nails or with four, at least thirty <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_nail" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Holy nail">holy nails</a> continue to be venerated as relics across Europe.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-499" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-499" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[476]</a></sup></div>
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Some relics, such as purported remnants of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Thorns" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Crown of Thorns">Crown of Thorns</a>, receive only a modest number of pilgrims, while the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shroud_of_Turin" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Shroud of Turin">Shroud of Turin</a> (which is associated with an approved <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_devotion" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Catholic devotion">Catholic devotion</a> to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Face_of_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Holy Face of Jesus">Holy Face of Jesus</a>), has received millions,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-500" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-500" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[477]</a></sup> including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pope">popes</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Paul_II" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-501" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-501" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[478]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-502" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#cite_note-502" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[479]</a></sup></div>
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ProBeggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07638759199181013879noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5800037888895588450.post-45111317714639273292019-04-10T20:57:00.000-07:002019-04-10T20:58:37.259-07:00Christians Wikipedia<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 1.8em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; overflow: visible; padding: 0px;">
Christians</h1>
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For other uses, see <a class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_(disambiguation)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christian (disambiguation)">Christian</a>.</div>
<table class="infobox" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-spacing: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-size: 12.32px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 22em;"><caption style="font-size: 15.4px; font-weight: bold; padding: 0.2em;">Christians<br /><i>χριστιανοί</i></caption><tbody>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:V%26A_-_Raphael,_The_Miraculous_Draught_of_Fishes_(1515).jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="V&A - Raphael, The Miraculous Draught of Fishes (1515).jpg" data-file-height="870" data-file-width="1076" decoding="async" height="243" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/V%26A_-_Raphael%2C_The_Miraculous_Draught_of_Fishes_%281515%29.jpg/300px-V%26A_-_Raphael%2C_The_Miraculous_Draught_of_Fishes_%281515%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/V%26A_-_Raphael%2C_The_Miraculous_Draught_of_Fishes_%281515%29.jpg/450px-V%26A_-_Raphael%2C_The_Miraculous_Draught_of_Fishes_%281515%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/V%26A_-_Raphael%2C_The_Miraculous_Draught_of_Fishes_%281515%29.jpg/600px-V%26A_-_Raphael%2C_The_Miraculous_Draught_of_Fishes_%281515%29.jpg 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="300" /></a><br />
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After the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miraculous_catch_of_fish" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Miraculous catch of fish">miraculous catch of fish</a>, Christ invokes his disciples to become "fishers of men" (<a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#4:19" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:Bible (King James)/Matthew">Matthew 4:19</a>) by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>.</div>
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<tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: #d2ccb9; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Total population</th></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><b><abbr style="border-bottom: 0px; cursor: help;" title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> 2.4 billion</span></b> worldwide <small style="font-size: 10.472px;">(2015)</small><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-gordonconwell.edu_1-0" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-gordonconwell.edu-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Global_Christianity_2-0" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-Global_Christianity-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: #d2ccb9; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Founder</th></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: #d2ccb9; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="540" data-file-width="810" decoding="async" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="European Union">European Union</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">373,656,000<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-3" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="650" data-file-width="1235" decoding="async" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States">United States</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">246,790,000<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Global_Christianity_2-1" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-Global_Christianity-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="504" data-file-width="720" decoding="async" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="22" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">175,770,000<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Global_Christianity_2-2" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-Global_Christianity-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="560" data-file-width="980" decoding="async" height="13" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">107,780,000<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Global_Christianity_2-3" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-Global_Christianity-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" decoding="async" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Russia">Russia</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">105,220,000<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Global_Christianity_2-4" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-Global_Christianity-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="450" data-file-width="900" decoding="async" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">86,790,000<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Global_Christianity_2-5" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-Global_Christianity-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="500" data-file-width="1000" decoding="async" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">80,510,000<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Global_Christianity_2-6" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-Global_Christianity-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" decoding="async" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="China">China</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">67,070,000<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Global_Christianity_2-7" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-Global_Christianity-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="800" decoding="async" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="20" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">63,150,000<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Global_Christianity_2-8" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-Global_Christianity-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="500" data-file-width="1000" decoding="async" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">52,580,000<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Global_Christianity_2-9" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-Global_Christianity-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: #d2ccb9; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Religions</th></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christianity">Christianity</a><br />
<div class="plainlist">
<ul style="line-height: inherit; list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;">50% <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a>: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Church" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Global_Christianity_2-10" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-Global_Christianity-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;">37% <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Adventism">Adventism</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptists" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Baptists">Baptist churches</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Calvinism">Reformed churches</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Methodism">Methodism</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecostalism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a> and other denominations<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Global_Christianity_2-11" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-Global_Christianity-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;">12% <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodoxy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a>: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Global_Christianity_2-12" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-Global_Christianity-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;">1% Other Christian traditions: incl. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarianism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational churches</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Global_Christianity_2-13" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-Global_Christianity-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: #d2ccb9; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Scriptures</th></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bible">Bible</a></td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: #d2ccb9; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Languages</th></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><div class="plainlist">
<ul style="line-height: inherit; list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><b>Predominant spoken languages:</b><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wiley-Blackwell1_4-0" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-Wiley-Blackwell1-4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup><br /><div class="hlist hlist-separated">
<ul style="line-height: inherit; list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="English language">English</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="French language">French</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="German language">German</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Polish language">Polish</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_language" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;">other <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernacular" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> languages of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_world" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christian world">Christian world</a> and the World</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<b>Sacred languages:</b><br />
<div class="hlist hlist-separated">
<ul style="list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%225%22 height=%2213%22%3E %3Ccircle cx=%222.5%22 cy=%229.5%22 r=%222.5%22 fill=%22%2300528c%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical Latin</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koine_Greek" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-5" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_language" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Syriac language">Syriac language</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-6" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
<b>Christians</b> (<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none !important;" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span></span>, <wbr style="display: inline-block;"></wbr>-<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;"><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="nowrap" style="font-size: 11.9px;">(<span class="unicode haudio"><span class="fn"><span style="margin-right: 0.25em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:En-us-Christian.ogg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="About this sound"><img alt="About this sound" data-file-height="20" data-file-width="20" decoding="async" height="11" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="11" /></a></span><a class="internal" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/En-us-Christian.ogg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="En-us-Christian.ogg">listen</a></span></span>)</span></span>) are people who follow or adhere to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, a monotheistic <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahamic_religion" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Abrahamic religion">Abrahamic religion</a> based on the life and teachings of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Christ" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a>. The words <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_(title)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a></i> and <i>Christian</i> derive from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koine_Greek" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> title <i>Christós</i> (Χριστός), a translation of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a> term <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashiach" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mashiach">mashiach</a></i> (מָשִׁיחַ).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup></div>
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While there are diverse interpretations of Christianity which sometimes conflict,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Woodhead_2004_n.p_8-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-Woodhead_2004_n.p-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup> they are united in believing that Jesus has a unique significance.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Woodhead_2004_n.p_8-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-Woodhead_2004_n.p-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup> The term "Christian" is also used as an adjective to describe anything associated with Christianity, or in a proverbial sense "all that is noble, and good, and Christ-like."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CCEL_10-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-CCEL-10" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup></div>
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According to a 2011 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> survey, there were 2.2 billion Christians around the world in 2010, up from about 600 million in 1910.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Global_Christianity_2-14" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-Global_Christianity-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup> By 2050, the Christian population is expected to exceed 3 billion.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Global_Christianity_2-15" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-Global_Christianity-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup>According to a 2012 Pew Research Center survey <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> will remain the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_religious_groups#Largest_religions" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Major religious groups">world's largest religion</a> in 2050, if current trends continue.</div>
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Today, about 37% of all Christians live in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Americas">Americas</a>, about 26% live in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Europe">Europe</a>, 24% live in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a>, about 13% live in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Asia">Asia</a> and the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pacific">Pacific</a>, and 1% live in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Global_Christianity_2-16" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-Global_Christianity-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup> About half of all Christians worldwide are <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Catholic">Catholic</a>, while more than a third are <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> (37%).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Global_Christianity_2-17" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-Global_Christianity-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eastern Christianity">Orthodox</a> communions comprise 12% of the world's Christians.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Global_Christianity_2-18" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-Global_Christianity-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup> Other Christian groups make up the remainder. Christians make up the majority of the population in 158 countries and territories.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Global_Christianity_2-19" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-Global_Christianity-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup> 280 million Christians live as a minority.</div>
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Christians have made noted contributions to a range of fields, including the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciences" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sciences">sciences</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Gilley_11-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-Gilley-11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Arts">arts</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-E._McGrath_12-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-E._McGrath-12" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Politics">politics</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatures" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Literatures">literatures</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Business">business</a>. According to <i>100 Years of Nobel Prizes</i>, a review of Nobel prizes awarded between 1901 and 2000 reveals that (65.4%) of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prizes" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nobel Prizes">Nobel Prizes</a> laureates identified <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> in its various forms as their religious preference.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Caltron_J.H_Hayas_13-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-Caltron_J.H_Hayas-13" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view"><span title="The material near this tag may be giving undue weight to a viewpoint or idea. (January 2019)">undue weight?</span></a> <span class="metadata">– <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Christians#Why_only_the_good_stuff?" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Talk:Christians">discuss</a></span></i>]</sup></div>
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<h2 style="background: none; border: 0px; color: black; display: inline; font-size: 13.3px; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
Contents</h2>
<span class="toctogglespan" style="font-size: 12.502px;"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox" style="color: #0645ad; cursor: pointer;"></label></span></div>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#Etymology" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Etymology</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#Early_usage" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Early usage</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#Nazarenes" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Nazarenes</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#Modern_usage" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Modern usage</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#Definition" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Definition</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#Hebrew_terms" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Hebrew terms</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#Arabic_terms" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Arabic terms</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#Asian_terms" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Asian terms</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#Russian_terms" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Russian terms</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#Other_non-religious_usages" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Other non-religious usages</span></a></li>
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</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#Demographics" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Demographics</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#Socioeconomics" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Socioeconomics</span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#Noted_individuals" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Noted individuals</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#See_also" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#References" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">7</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#Bibliography" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">8</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Bibliography</span></a></li>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Etymology">Etymology</span></h2>
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The Greek word <span lang="grc" title="Ancient Greek language text">Χριστιανός</span> (<i>Christianos</i>), meaning "follower of Christ", comes from <span lang="grc" title="Ancient Greek language text">Χριστός</span> (<i>Christos</i>), meaning "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anointing" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Anointing">anointed</a> one",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-14" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup> with an adjectival ending borrowed from Latin to denote adhering to, or even belonging to, as in slave ownership.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-15" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup> In the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septuagint" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>, <i>christos</i> was used to translate the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> מָשִׁיחַ (<i>Mašíaḥ,</i> messiah), meaning "[one who is] anointed."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-16" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup> In other European languages, equivalent words to Christian are likewise derived from the Greek, such as <i>Chrétien</i> in French and <i>Cristiano</i> in Spanish.</div>
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The abbreviations <i>Xian</i> and <i>Xtian</i> (and similarly-formed other parts of speech) have been used since at least the 17th century: <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> shows a 1634 use of <i>Xtianity</i> and <i>Xian</i> is seen in a 1634-38 diary.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-oed-x_17-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-oed-x-17" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-18" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[18]</a></sup> The word <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xmas" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Xmas">Xmas</a></i> uses a similar contraction.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Early_usage">Early usage</span></h2>
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The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Peter" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Church of Saint Peter">Church of Saint Peter</a> near <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioch" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> (modern-day <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antakya" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Antakya">Antakya</a>), the city where the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Disciple (Christianity)">disciples</a> were called "Christians".</div>
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The first recorded use of the term (or its <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognate" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cognate">cognates</a> in other languages) is in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Acts 11">Acts 11</a>:26,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-19" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup> after Barnabas brought Saul (Paul) to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity#Antioch" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Early centers of Christianity">Antioch</a> where they taught the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Disciple (Christianity)">disciples</a> for about a year, the text says: "[...] the disciples were called Christians first in Antioch." The second mention of the term follows in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_26" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Acts 26">Acts 26</a>:28,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-20" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[20]</a></sup> where <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herod_Agrippa_II" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Herod Agrippa II">Herod Agrippa II</a> replied to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a>, "Then Agrippa said unto Paul, Almost thou persuadest me to be a Christian." The third and final New Testament reference to the term is in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Peter_4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="1 Peter 4">1 Peter 4</a>:16, which exhorts believers: "Yet if <i>[any man suffer]</i> as a Christian, let him not be ashamed; but let him glorify God on this behalf."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-21" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></sup></div>
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Kenneth Samuel Wuest holds that all three original New Testament verses' usages reflect a derisive element in the term <i>Christian</i> to refer to followers of Christ who did not acknowledge the emperor of Rome.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-22" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[22]</a></sup> The city of Antioch, where someone gave them the name <i>Christians</i>, had a reputation for coming up with such nicknames.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[23]</a></sup> However Peter's apparent endorsement of the term led to its being preferred over "Nazarenes" and the term <i>Christianoi</i> from <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Peter" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="1 Peter">1 Peter</a> becomes the standard term in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Church_Fathers" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Early Church Fathers">Early Church Fathers</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycarp" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a> onwards.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-24" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[24]</a></sup></div>
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The earliest occurrences of the term in non-Christian literature include <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Josephus on Jesus">Josephus</a>, referring to "the tribe of Christians, so named from him;"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-25" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[25]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistulae_(Pliny)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Epistulae (Pliny)">correspondence with Trajan</a>; and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Christ" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tacitus on Christ">Tacitus</a>, writing near the end of the 1st century. In the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_(Tacitus)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Annals (Tacitus)">Annals</a></i> he relates that "by vulgar appellation [they were] commonly called Christians"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-26" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup> and identifies Christians as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nero">Nero</a>'s scapegoats for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Rome" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Great Fire of Rome">Great Fire of Rome</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-27" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[27]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Nazarenes">Nazarenes</span></h3>
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Another <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Christian_synonyms" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of Christian synonyms">term for Christians</a> which appears in the New Testament is "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazarene_(title)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nazarene (title)">Nazarenes</a>". <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> is named as a Nazarene in Math 2:23, while Saul-Paul is said to be Nazarene in Acts 24:5. The latter verse makes it clear that Nazarene also referred to the name of a sect or heresy, as well as the town called Nazareth.</div>
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The term Nazarene was also used by the Jewish lawyer <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertullus" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tertullus">Tertullus</a> (<i>Against Marcion</i> 4:8) which records that "the Jews call us Nazarenes." While around 331 AD <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebius" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> records that Christ was called a Nazoraean from the name <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazareth" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a>, and that in earlier centuries "Christians" were once called "Nazarenes".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-28" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[28]</a></sup> The Hebrew equivalent of "Nazarenes", <i>Notzrim</i>, occurs in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a>, and is still the modern Israeli Hebrew term for Christian.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Modern_usage">Modern usage</span></h2>
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The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_cross" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christian cross">Latin cross</a>and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichthys" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ichthys">Ichthys</a>symbols, two symbols often used by Christians to represent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christianity">their religion</a></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Definition">Definition</span></h3>
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A wide range of beliefs and practices are found across the world among those who call themselves Christian. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_denomination" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a> and sects disagree on a common definition of "Christianity". For example, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Beal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Timothy Beal">Timothy Beal</a> notes the disparity of beliefs among those who identify as Christians in the United States as follows:</div>
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Although all of them have their historical roots in Christian theology and tradition, and although most would identify themselves as Christian, many would not identify others within the larger category as Christian. Most Baptists and fundamentalists (<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Fundamentalism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christian Fundamentalism">Christian Fundamentalism</a>), for example, would not acknowledge Mormonism or Christian Science as Christian. In fact, the nearly 77 percent of Americans who self-identify as Christian are a diverse pluribus of Christianities that are far from any collective unity.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-29" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[29]</a></sup></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Woodhead" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Linda Woodhead">Linda Woodhead</a> attempts to provide a common belief thread for Christians by noting that "Whatever else they might disagree about, Christians are at least united in believing that Jesus has a unique significance."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Woodhead_2004_n.p_8-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-Woodhead_2004_n.p-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Martin_(philosopher)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Michael Martin (philosopher)">Michael Martin</a> evaluated three historical Christian creeds (the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles' Creed</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicene_Creed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian Creed</a>) to establish a set of basic Christian assumptions which include belief in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Theism">theism</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Historicity of Jesus">historicity of Jesus</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">Incarnation</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_soteriology" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christian soteriology">salvation</a> through faith in Jesus, and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_views_of_Jesus" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christian views of Jesus">Jesus</a> as an ethical role model.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-30" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[30]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Hebrew_terms">Hebrew terms</span></h3>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazareth" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a> is described as the childhood home of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>. Many languages employ the word "Nazarene" as a general designation for those of Christian faith.</div>
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The identification of Jesus as the Messiah is not accepted by Judaism. The term for a Christian in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> is נוֹצְרִי (<i>Notzri</i>—"Nazarene"), a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmud" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Talmud">Talmudic</a> term originally derived from the fact that Jesus came from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilee" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Galilee">Galilean</a> village of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazareth" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a>, today in northern Israel.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-31" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[31]</a></sup> Adherents of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messianic_Judaism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Messianic Judaism">Messianic Judaism</a> are referred to in modern Hebrew as יְהוּדִים מְשִׁיחִיִּים (<i>Yehudim Meshihi'im</i>—"Messianic Jews").</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Arabic_terms">Arabic terms</span></h3>
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In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_world" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Arab world">Arabic-speaking cultures</a>, two words are commonly used for Christians: <i>Naṣrānī</i> (<span dir="rtl" lang="ar" title="Arabic language text">نصراني</span>), plural <i>Naṣārā</i> (<span dir="rtl" lang="ar" title="Arabic language text">نصارى</span>) is generally understood to be derived from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazareth" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a> through the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_language" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> (Aramaic); <i>Masīḥī</i> (<span dir="rtl" lang="ar" title="Arabic language text">مسيحي</span>) means followers of the Messiah.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SOFIR_32-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-SOFIR-32" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[32]</a></sup> Where there is a distinction, <i>Nasrani</i> refers to people from a Christian culture and <i>Masihi</i> is used by Christians themselves for those with a religious faith in Jesus.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Tayler_33-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-Tayler-33" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[33]</a></sup> In some countries <i>Nasrani</i> tends to be used generically for non-Muslim Western foreigners, e.g. "blond people."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-34" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[34]</a></sup></div>
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Another Arabic word sometimes used for Christians, particularly in a political context, is <i>Ṣalībī</i> (<span dir="rtl" lang="ar" title="Arabic language text">صليبي</span> "Crusader") from <i>ṣalīb</i> (<span dir="rtl" lang="ar" title="Arabic language text">صليب</span> "cross"), which refers to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Crusades">Crusaders</a> and has negative connotations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SOFIR_32-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-SOFIR-32" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[32]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-35" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[35]</a></sup> However, <i>Ṣalībī</i> is a modern term; historically, Muslim writers described European Christian Crusaders as <i>al-Faranj</i> or <i>Alfranj</i> (<span dir="rtl" lang="ar" title="Arabic language text">الفرنج</span>) and <i>Firinjīyah</i> (<span dir="rtl" lang="ar" title="Arabic language text">الفرنجيّة</span>) in Arabic.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-36" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[36]</a></sup> This word comes from the name of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franks" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Franks">Franks</a> and can be seen in the Arab history text <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Kamil_fi_al-Tarikh" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh">Al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh</a> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibn_al-Athir" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ali ibn al-Athir">Ali ibn al-Athir</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-37" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[37]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-38" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[38]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Asian_terms">Asian terms</span></h3>
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The most common <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Persian language">Persian</a> word is <i>Masīhī</i> (<span dir="rtl" lang="fa" title="Persian language text">مسیحی</span>), from <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>. Other words are <i>Nasrānī</i> (<span dir="rtl" lang="fa" title="Persian language text">نصرانی</span>), from <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Syriac" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Classical Syriac">Syriac</a> for "Nazarene", and <i>Tarsā</i> (<span dir="rtl" lang="fa" title="Persian language text">ترسا</span>), from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Persian" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> word <i>Tarsāg</i>, also meaning "Christian", derived from <i>tars</i>, meaning "fear, respect".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-39" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[39]</a></sup></div>
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An old Kurdish word for Christian frequently in usage was <i>felle</i> (فەڵە), coming from the root word meaning "to be saved" or "attain salvation".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-40" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[40]</a></sup></div>
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The Syriac term <i>Nasrani</i> (Nazarene) has also been attached to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, India. In the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, Christians call themselves <i>Isaai</i> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_language" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a>: <span lang="hi">ईसाई</span>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_language" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a>: <span dir="rtl" lang="ur">عیسائی</span>), and are also known by this term to adherents of other religions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[41]</a></sup> This is related to the name they call Jesus,<i> 'Isa Masih</i>, and literally means 'the followers of 'Isa'.</div>
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In the past, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malays</a> used to call the Portuguese <i>Serani</i> from the Arabic <i>Nasrani</i>, but the term now refers to the modern <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristang_people" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kristang people">Kristang</a> creoles of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>. In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian language</a>, the term "<i>Nasrani</i>" is also used alongside with "<i>Kristen</i>".</div>
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The Chinese word is <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikt:基督">基督</a><a class="extiw" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BE%92" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikt:徒">徒</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: jīdū tú), literally "Christ follower." The two characters now pronounced <i>Jīdū</i> in Mandarin Chinese were originally used phonetically to represent the name of Christ. In Vietnam, the same two characters read <i><a class="extiw" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/C%C6%A1_%C4%91%E1%BB%91c" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikt:Cơ đốc">Cơ đốc</a></i>, and a "follower of Christianity" is a <i>tín đồ Cơ đốc giáo</i>.</div>
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<a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JapaneseChristiansInPortugueseCostume16-17thCentury.jpg" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2215%22 height=%2211%22 viewBox=%220 0 11 15%22%3E %3Cg id=%22magnify-clip%22 fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%23000%22%3E %3Cpath id=%22bigbox%22 d=%22M1.509 1.865h10.99v7.919H1.509z%22/%3E %3Cpath id=%22smallbox%22 d=%22M-1.499 6.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #0b0080; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Japanese Christians ("Kurisuchan") in Portuguese costume, 16–17th century</div>
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In Japan, the term <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirishitan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kirishitan">kirishitan</a></i> (written in Edo period documents 吉利支丹, 切支丹, and in modern Japanese histories as キリシタン), from Portuguese <i>cristão</i>, referred to Roman Catholics in the 16th and 17th centuries before the religion was banned by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a>. Today, Christians are referred to in <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Japanese" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Standard Japanese">Standard Japanese</a> as キリスト教徒, <i>Kirisuto-kyōto</i> or the English-derived term クリスチャン <i>kurisuchan</i>.</div>
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Korean still uses 기독교도, <i>Kidok-kyo-do</i> for "Christian", though the Greek form <i>Kurisudo</i> 그리스도 has now replaced the old <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Korean_vocabulary" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sino-Korean vocabulary">Sino-Korean</a> <i>Kidok</i>, which refers to Christ himself.</div>
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In Thailand, the most common terms are คนคริสต์ (<i>khon khrit</i>) or ชาวคริสต์ (<i>chao khrit</i>) which literally mean "Christ person/people" or "Jesus person/people." The Thai word คริสต์ (<i>khrit</i>) is derived from "Christ."</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Russian_terms">Russian terms</span></h3>
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The region of modern Eastern Europe and Central Eurasia (Russia, Ukraine and other countries of the former <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_bloc" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Soviet bloc">Soviet bloc</a>) has a long history of Christianity and Christian communities on its lands. In ancient times, in the first centuries after the birth of Christ, when this region was called Scythia, the geographical area of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythians" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Scythians">Scythians</a> - Christians already lived there.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-42" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[42]</a></sup> Later the region saw the first states to adopt Christianity officially - initially <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> (301 AD) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> (337 AD), later <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> (<abbr style="border-bottom: 0px; cursor: help;" title="circa">c.</abbr> 864) and the Great Russian Principality (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kievan Rus'">Kyivan Rus</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru" title="Russian language text">Великое княжество Русское</span>, <abbr style="border-bottom: 0px; cursor: help;" title="circa">c.</abbr> 988 AD).</div>
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In some areas, people of that time<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (December 2016)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> came to denote themselves as Christians (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">христиане, крестьяне</span>) and as Russians (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">русские</span>). Both terms had strong Christian connotations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In time the Russian term "крестьяне" (<i>khrest'yanye</i>) acquired the meaning "peasants of Christian faith" and later "peasants" (the main part of the population of the region), while the term "христиане" (<i>khristianye</i>) retained its religious meaning and the term "русские" (<i>russkiye</i>) began to mean representatives of the heterogeneous Russian nation formed on the basis of common Christian faith and language,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> which strongly influenced the history and development of the region. In the region the term "Pravoslav faith" (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">православная вера</span> - Orthodox faith) or "Russian faith" (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">русская вера</span>) from earliest times became almost as known as the original "Christian faith" (христианская, крестьянская вера).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>Also in some contexts the term "<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cossack" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cossack">cossack</a>" (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">козак, казак</span> - "free man" by the will of God<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>) was used<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (November 2015)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> to denote "free" Christians of steppe origin and Russian language.</div>
<h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 0px; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Other_non-religious_usages">Other non-religious usages</span></h3>
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Nominally "Christian" societies made "Christian" a default label for citizenship or for "people like us".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-43" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[43]</a></sup> In this context, religious or ethnic minorities can use "Christians" or "you Christians" loosely as a shorthand term for mainstream members of society who do not belong to their group - even in a thoroughly secular (though formerly Christian) society.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-44" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[44]</a></sup></div>
<h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Demographics">Demographics</span></h2>
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For a detailed breakdown of Christian demographics, see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_by_country" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christianity by country">Christianity by country</a>.</div>
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As of the early 21st century, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> has approximately 2.4 billion adherents.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-World_45-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-World-45" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[45]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ForeignPolicy_46-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-ForeignPolicy-46" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[46]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Major_Religions_Ranked_by_Size_47-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-Major_Religions_Ranked_by_Size-47" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[47]</a></sup> The faith represents about a third of the world's population and is the largest religion in the world. Christians have composed about 33 percent of the world's population for around 100 years. The largest Christian denomination is the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>, with 1.17 billion adherents, representing half of all Christians.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-48" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-48" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[48]</a></sup></div>
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Christianity remains the dominant religion in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_World" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Western World">Western World</a>, where 70% are Christians.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Global_Christianity_2-20" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-Global_Christianity-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup> According to a 2012 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> survey, if current trends continue, Christianity will remain the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_religious_groups#Largest_religions" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Major religious groups">world's largest religion</a> by the year 2050. By 2050, the Christian population is expected to exceed 3 billion. While Muslims have an average of 3.1 children per woman—the highest rate of all religious groups, Christians are second, with 2.7 children per woman. High birth rates and conversion were cited as the reason for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_population_growth" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christian population growth">Christian population growth</a>. A 2015 study found that approximately 10.2 million <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Converted_to_Christianity" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Converted to Christianity">converted to Christianity</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-49" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-49" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[49]</a></sup> Christianity is growing in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Africa">Africa</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-50" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-50" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[50]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TIME_2001_51-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-TIME_2001-51" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[51]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Asia">Asia</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TIME_2001_51-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-TIME_2001-51" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[51]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-52" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-52" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[52]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-53" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-53" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[53]</a></sup> the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_world" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Believers_in_Christ_from_a_Muslim_Background_54-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-Believers_in_Christ_from_a_Muslim_Background-54" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[54]</a></sup> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceania" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>.</div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christianity_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Christian_data_by_Pew_Research.svg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="443" data-file-width="863" decoding="async" height="205" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Christianity_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Christian_data_by_Pew_Research.svg/400px-Christianity_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Christian_data_by_Pew_Research.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Christianity_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Christian_data_by_Pew_Research.svg/600px-Christianity_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Christian_data_by_Pew_Research.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Christianity_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Christian_data_by_Pew_Research.svg/800px-Christianity_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Christian_data_by_Pew_Research.svg.png 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="400" /></a><br />
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<a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christianity_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Christian_data_by_Pew_Research.svg" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2215%22 height=%2211%22 viewBox=%220 0 11 15%22%3E %3Cg id=%22magnify-clip%22 fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%23000%22%3E %3Cpath id=%22bigbox%22 d=%22M1.509 1.865h10.99v7.919H1.509z%22/%3E %3Cpath id=%22smallbox%22 d=%22M-1.499 6.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #0b0080; display: block; height: 11px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Percentage of Christians worldwide, June 2014</div>
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<table class="wikitable sortable jquery-tablesorter" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: #222222; font-size: 14px; margin: 1em auto;"><caption style="font-weight: bold;"><b>Christians (self-described) by region</b></caption><caption style="font-weight: bold;">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>, 2011)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-55" style="font-size: 11.2px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-55" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[55]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-56" style="font-size: 11.2px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-56" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[56]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-57" style="font-size: 11.2px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-57" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[57]</a></sup></caption><thead>
<tr bgcolor="#CCCCFF"><th class="headerSort" role="columnheader button" style="background-color: #eaecf0; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2221%22 height=%229%22 viewBox=%220 0 21 9%22%3E %3Cpath d=%22M14.5 5l-4 4-4-4zm0-1l-4-4-4 4z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); background-position: right center; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); cursor: pointer; padding: 0.2em 21px 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;" tabindex="0" title="Sort ascending">Region</th><th class="headerSort" role="columnheader button" style="background-color: #eaecf0; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2221%22 height=%229%22 viewBox=%220 0 21 9%22%3E %3Cpath d=%22M14.5 5l-4 4-4-4zm0-1l-4-4-4 4z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); background-position: right center; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); cursor: pointer; padding: 0.2em 21px 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;" tabindex="0" title="Sort ascending">Christians</th><th class="headerSort" role="columnheader button" style="background-color: #eaecf0; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2221%22 height=%229%22 viewBox=%220 0 21 9%22%3E %3Cpath d=%22M14.5 5l-4 4-4-4zm0-1l-4-4-4 4z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); background-position: right center; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); cursor: pointer; padding: 0.2em 21px 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;" tabindex="0" title="Sort ascending">% Christian</th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Europe">Europe</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right;">558,260,000</td><td style="background: rgb(90, 79, 207); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">75.2</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>–<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right;">531,280,000</td><td style="background: rgb(111, 0, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">90.0</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right;">517,340,000</td><td style="background: rgb(0, 71, 171); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">62.9</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Pacific" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Asia Pacific">Asia Pacific</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right;">286,950,000</td><td style="background: rgb(173, 216, 230); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">7.1</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="North America">North America</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right;">266,630,000</td><td style="background: rgb(111, 0, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">77.4</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>–<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="North Africa">North Africa</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right;">12,710,000</td><td style="background: rgb(173, 216, 230); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">3.7</td></tr>
</tbody><tfoot>
<tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">World</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right;">2,173,180,000</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">31.5</th></tr>
</tfoot></table>
<h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 0px; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Socioeconomics">Socioeconomics</span></h3>
<div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
According to a study from 2015, Christians hold the largest amount of wealth (55% of the total world wealth), followed by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslims" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> (5.8%), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindus" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> (3.3%) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jews">Jews</a> (1.1%). According to the same study it was found that adherents under the classification <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligion" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Irreligion">Irreligion</a> or other religions hold about 34.8% of the total global wealth.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-58" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-58" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[58]</a></sup> A study done by the nonpartisan wealth research firm New World Wealth found that 56.2% of the 13.1 million millionaires in the world were Christians.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-59" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-59" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[59]</a></sup></div>
<div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
A <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Center" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pew Center">Pew Center</a> study about <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religiosity_and_education" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Religiosity and education">religion and education</a> around the world in 2016, found that Christians ranked as the second most educated religious group around in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="World">world</a> after <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jews">Jews</a> with an average of 9.3 years of schooling,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Pew2016_60-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-Pew2016-60" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[60]</a></sup> and the highest numbers of years of schooling among Christians were found in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Germany">Germany</a> (13.6),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Pew2016_60-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-Pew2016-60" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[60]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> (13.5)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Pew2016_60-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-Pew2016-60" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[60]</a></sup> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> (13.1).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Pew2016_60-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-Pew2016-60" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[60]</a></sup> Christians were also found to have the second highest number of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_degree" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Academic degree">graduate</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-graduate" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Post-graduate">post-graduate</a> degrees per capita while in absolute numbers ranked in the first place (220 million).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Pew2016_60-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-Pew2016-60" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[60]</a></sup> Between the various <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Christianity" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="World Christianity">Christian communities</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> outranks other nations in terms of Christians who obtain a university degree in institutions of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Higher education">higher education</a> (67%),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Pew2016_60-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-Pew2016-60" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[60]</a></sup> followed by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Israel" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christianity in Israel">Christians of Israel</a> (63%),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-61" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-61" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[61]</a></sup> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Georgia_(country)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christianity in Georgia (country)">Christians of Georgia</a> (57%).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Pew2016_60-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-Pew2016-60" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[60]</a></sup></div>
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According to the study, Christians in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="North America">North America</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Pacific" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Asia Pacific">Asia Pacific</a> regions are highly educated since many of the world <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universities" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Universities">universities</a> were built by the historic <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_denominations" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christian denominations">Christian Churches</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Pew2016_60-7" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-Pew2016-60" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[60]</a></sup> in addition to the historical evidence that "Christian monks built libraries and, in the days before printing presses, preserved important earlier writings produced in Latin, Greek and Arabic".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Pew2016_60-8" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-Pew2016-60" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[60]</a></sup> According to the same study, Christians have a significant amount of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_equality" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gender equality">gender equality</a> in educational attainment,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Pew2016_60-9" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-Pew2016-60" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[60]</a></sup> and the study suggests that one of the reasons is the encouragement of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformers" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Protestant Reformers">Protestant Reformers</a> in promoting the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_of_women" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Education of women">education of women</a>, which led to the eradication of illiteracy among females in Protestant communities.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Pew2016_60-10" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-Pew2016-60" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[60]</a></sup></div>
<h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Noted_individuals">Noted individuals</span></h2>
<div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
Main articles: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_Christians" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lists of Christians">Lists of Christians</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Christian_Nobel_laureates" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of Christian Nobel laureates">List of Christian Nobel laureates</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_converts_to_Christianity" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of converts to Christianity">List of converts to Christianity</a></div>
<div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
Christians have made noted contributions to a range of fields, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philanthropy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Philanthropy">philanthropy</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_philosophy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christian philosophy">philosophy</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-A._Spinello_62-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-A._Spinello-62" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[62]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Vincelette_63-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-Vincelette-63" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[63]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hyman1967_64-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-Hyman1967-64" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[64]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;">:15</sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_ethics" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christian ethics">ethics</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Encyclopaedia_Perthensis_65-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-Encyclopaedia_Perthensis-65" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[65]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_literature" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christian literature">literature</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-E._McGrath_12-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-E._McGrath-12" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Protestant work ethic">business and economics</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-J._Hillerbrand_66-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-J._Hillerbrand-66" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[66]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Guan_67-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-Guan-67" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[67]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Troeltsch_68-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-Troeltsch-68" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[68]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_art" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christian art">fine arts and architecture</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-E._McGrath_12-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-E._McGrath-12" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Music" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christian Music">music</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-E._McGrath_12-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-E._McGrath-12" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Rose_Publishing_Inc_69-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-Rose_Publishing_Inc-69" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[69]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_drama" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christian drama">theatre</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Medicine">medicine</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-S._Kroger_70-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-S._Kroger-70" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[70]</a></sup> as well as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Christians_in_science_and_technology" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of Christians in science and technology">science and technology</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Gilley_11-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-Gilley-11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Steane_71-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-Steane-71" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[71]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-L._Johnson_72-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-L._Johnson-72" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[72]</a></sup> both historically and in modern times.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nobel_Prize_73-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-Nobel_Prize-73" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[73]</a></sup></div>
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<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Christians" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eastern Christians">Eastern Christians</a> (particularly <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestorian_Christians" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nestorian Christians">Nestorian Christians</a>) contributed to the Arab <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Civilization</a> during the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ummayads" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ummayads">Ummayad</a> and the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasids" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Abbasids">Abbasid</a> periods by translating works of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_philosophers" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Greek philosophers">Greek philosophers</a> to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_language" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> and afterwards to <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-74" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-74" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[74]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-75" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-75" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[75]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-76" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-76" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[76]</a></sup> They also excelled in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Science">science</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Theology">theology</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Medicine">medicine</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-77" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-77" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[77]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-78" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians#cite_note-78" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[78]</a></sup></div>
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ProBeggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07638759199181013879noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5800037888895588450.post-37309807690203856682019-04-10T20:49:00.000-07:002019-04-10T20:49:25.624-07:00Real Estate Wikipedia<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 1.8em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; overflow: visible; padding: 0px;">
Real estate</h1>
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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This article is about the business of buying, selling, and renting real property. For the legal concept, see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_property" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Real property">real property</a>. For the indie rock band, see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Estate_(band)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Real Estate (band)">Real Estate (band)</a>. For the 2018 Swedish film, see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Real_Estate" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Real Estate">The Real Estate</a>.</div>
<table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation" style="background-color: #fbfbfb; border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(242, 133, 0); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px 166.398px;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border: none; padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.5em; text-align: center;"></td><td class="mbox-text" style="border: none; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; width: 1241px;"><div class="mbox-text-span">
<table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks hlist" style="background: rgb(249, 249, 249); border-spacing: 0.4em 0px; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; float: right; font-size: 12.32px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 1em 1em; padding: 0.2em; text-align: center; width: 22em;"><tbody>
<tr><th style="font-size: 17.864px; line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Property law">Property law</a></th></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em;">Part of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Common law">common law</a> series</td></tr>
<tr><th style="background: rgb(170, 221, 255); padding: 0.1em;">Types</th></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0px 0.1em 0.6em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%225%22 height=%2213%22%3E %3Ccircle cx=%222.5%22 cy=%229.5%22 r=%222.5%22 fill=%22%2300528c%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_property" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Real property">Real property</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_property" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Personal property">Personal property</a></li>
</ul>
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<tr><th style="background: rgb(170, 221, 255); padding: 0.1em;">Acquisition</th></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0px 0.1em 0.6em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%225%22 height=%2213%22%3E %3Ccircle cx=%222.5%22 cy=%229.5%22 r=%222.5%22 fill=%22%2300528c%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gift_(law)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Gift (law)">Gift</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverse_possession" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Adverse possession">Adverse possession</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deed" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Deed">Deed</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_conquest" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Right of conquest">Conquest</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_doctrine" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Discovery doctrine">Discovery</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accession_(property_law)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Accession (property law)">Accession</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost,_mislaid,_and_abandoned_property" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Lost, mislaid, and abandoned property">Lost, mislaid, and abandoned property</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_trove" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Treasure trove">Treasure trove</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailment" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Bailment">Bailment</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/License" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="License">License</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alienation_(property_law)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Alienation (property law)">Alienation</a></li>
</ul>
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<tr><th style="background: rgb(170, 221, 255); padding: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estate_in_land" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Estate in land">Estates in land</a></th></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0px 0.1em 0.6em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%225%22 height=%2213%22%3E %3Ccircle cx=%222.5%22 cy=%229.5%22 r=%222.5%22 fill=%22%2300528c%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allodial_title" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Allodial title">Allodial title</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fee_simple" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Fee simple">Fee simple</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fee_tail" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Fee tail">Fee tail</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_estate" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Life estate">Life estate</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defeasible_estate" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Defeasible estate">Defeasible estate</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_interest" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Future interest">Future interest</a> <ul style="display: inline; list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%225%22 height=%2213%22%3E %3Ccircle cx=%222.5%22 cy=%229.5%22 r=%222.5%22 fill=%22%2300528c%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remainder_(law)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Remainder (law)">remainder</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrent_estate" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Concurrent estate">Concurrent estate</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leasehold_estate" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Leasehold estate">Leasehold estate</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condominium_(international_law)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Condominium (international law)">Condominiums</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink" href="https://www.blogger.com/u/2/null" style="background: none; color: inherit; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: inherit; white-space: nowrap;">Real estate</a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
<tr><th style="background: rgb(170, 221, 255); padding: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conveyancing" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Conveyancing">Conveyancing</a></th></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0px 0.1em 0.6em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%225%22 height=%2213%22%3E %3Ccircle cx=%222.5%22 cy=%229.5%22 r=%222.5%22 fill=%22%2300528c%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bona_fide_purchaser" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Bona fide purchaser"><i>Bona fide</i> purchaser</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrens_title" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Torrens title">Torrens title</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strata_title" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Strata title">Strata title</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deeds_registration" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Deeds registration">Deeds registration</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoppel_by_deed" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Estoppel by deed">Estoppel by deed</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quitclaim_deed" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Quitclaim deed">Quitclaim deed</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortgage_law" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Mortgage law">Mortgage</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equitable_conversion" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Equitable conversion">Equitable conversion</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiet_title" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Quiet title">Action to quiet title</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escheat" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Escheat">Escheat</a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
<tr><th style="background: rgb(170, 221, 255); padding: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_interest" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Future interest">Future use</a> control</th></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0px 0.1em 0.6em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%225%22 height=%2213%22%3E %3Ccircle cx=%222.5%22 cy=%229.5%22 r=%222.5%22 fill=%22%2300528c%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restraint_on_alienation" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Restraint on alienation">Restraint on alienation</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_against_perpetuities" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Rule against perpetuities">Rule against perpetuities</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_in_Shelley%27s_Case" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Rule in Shelley's Case">Rule in Shelley's Case</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctrine_of_worthier_title" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Doctrine of worthier title">Doctrine of worthier title</a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
<tr><th style="background: rgb(170, 221, 255); padding: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonpossessory_interest_in_land" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Nonpossessory interest in land">Nonpossessory interest</a></th></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0px 0.1em 0.6em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%225%22 height=%2213%22%3E %3Ccircle cx=%222.5%22 cy=%229.5%22 r=%222.5%22 fill=%22%2300528c%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lien" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Lien">Lien</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easement" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Easement">Easement</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profit_(real_property)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Profit (real property)">Profit</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usufruct" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Usufruct">Usufruct</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covenant_(law)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Covenant (law)">Covenant</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equitable_servitude" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Equitable servitude">Equitable servitude</a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
<tr><th style="background: rgb(170, 221, 255); padding: 0.1em;">Related topics</th></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0px 0.1em 0.6em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%225%22 height=%2213%22%3E %3Ccircle cx=%222.5%22 cy=%229.5%22 r=%222.5%22 fill=%22%2300528c%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixture_(property_law)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Fixture (property law)">Fixtures</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_(law)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Waste (law)">Waste</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_(law)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Partition (law)">Partition</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Practicing_without_a_license" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Practicing without a license">Practicing without a license</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_rights_(economics)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Property rights (economics)">Property rights</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_rights" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Mineral rights">Mineral rights</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_right" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Water right">Water rights</a><ul style="display: inline; list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%225%22 height=%2213%22%3E %3Ccircle cx=%222.5%22 cy=%229.5%22 r=%222.5%22 fill=%22%2300528c%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prior-appropriation_water_rights" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Prior-appropriation water rights">prior appropriation</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riparian_water_rights" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Riparian water rights">riparian</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_and_subjacent_support" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Lateral and subjacent support">Lateral and subjacent support</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assignment_(law)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Assignment (law)">Assignment</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemo_dat_quod_non_habet" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Nemo dat quod non habet">Nemo dat</a></i></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quicquid_plantatur_solo,_solo_cedit" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Quicquid plantatur solo, solo cedit">Quicquid plantatur</a></i></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_property_laws" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Conflict of property laws">Conflict of property laws</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackacre" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Blackacre">Blackacre</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_deposit" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Security deposit">Security deposit</a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
<tr><th style="background: rgb(170, 221, 255); padding: 0.1em;">Other <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Common law">common law</a> areas</th></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0px 0.1em 0.6em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%225%22 height=%2213%22%3E %3Ccircle cx=%222.5%22 cy=%229.5%22 r=%222.5%22 fill=%22%2300528c%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Contract">Contract law</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Tort">Tort law</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_(law)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Will (law)">Wills</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_law" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Trust law">trusts</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administration_(probate_law)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Administration (probate law)">estates</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Criminal law">Criminal law</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence_(law)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Evidence (law)">Evidence</a></li>
</ul>
<hr style="background-color: #a2a9b1; border: 0px; color: #a2a9b1; height: 1px; margin: 0.2em 0px;" />
<i>Higher category:</i> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Law">Law</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Common law">Common law</a></td></tr>
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<b><br />Real estate</b> is "property consisting of land and the buildings on it, along with its <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resource" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Natural resource">natural resources</a> such as crops, minerals or water; immovable property of this nature; an interest vested in this (also) an item of real property, (more generally) buildings or housing in general. Also: the business of real estate; the profession of buying, selling, or renting land, buildings, or housing."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate#cite_note-ReferenceA-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup> It is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Law">legal</a> term used in jurisdictions whose legal system is derived from English <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Common law">common law</a>, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="India">India</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="England">England</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wales">Wales</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Australia">Australia</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>.</div>
<div class="toc" id="toc" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); display: table; font-size: 13.3px; padding: 7px; zoom: 1;">
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<h2 style="background: none; border: 0px; color: black; display: inline; font-size: 13.3px; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
Contents</h2>
<span class="toctogglespan" style="font-size: 12.502px;"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox" style="color: #0645ad; cursor: pointer;"></label></span></div>
<ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate#Residential_real_estate" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Residential real estate</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate#Sales_and_marketing" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Sales and marketing</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate#See_also" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate#References" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate#External_links" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">External links</span></a></li>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Residential_real_estate">Residential real estate</span></h2>
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Residential real estate may contain either a single family or multifamily structure that is available for occupation or for non-business purposes.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate#cite_note-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup></div>
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Residences can be classified by and how they are connected to neighbouring residences and land. Different types of housing tenure can be used for the same physical type. For example, connected residences might be owned by a single entity and leased out, or owned separately with an agreement covering the relationship between units and common areas and concerns.</div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gingerbread_House_Essex_CT.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="431" data-file-width="640" decoding="async" height="148" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gingerbread_House_Essex_CT.jpg/220px-Gingerbread_House_Essex_CT.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gingerbread_House_Essex_CT.jpg/330px-Gingerbread_House_Essex_CT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gingerbread_House_Essex_CT.jpg/440px-Gingerbread_House_Essex_CT.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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<a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gingerbread_House_Essex_CT.jpg" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2215%22 height=%2211%22 viewBox=%220 0 11 15%22%3E %3Cg id=%22magnify-clip%22 fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%23000%22%3E %3Cpath id=%22bigbox%22 d=%22M1.509 1.865h10.99v7.919H1.509z%22/%3E %3Cpath id=%22smallbox%22 d=%22M-1.499 6.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #0b0080; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Single-family detached house in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex,_Connecticut" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Essex, Connecticut">Essex</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>, USA.</div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Townhouses_in_Victoria_Australia.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2681" data-file-width="2938" decoding="async" height="201" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Townhouses_in_Victoria_Australia.jpg/220px-Townhouses_in_Victoria_Australia.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Townhouses_in_Victoria_Australia.jpg/330px-Townhouses_in_Victoria_Australia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Townhouses_in_Victoria_Australia.jpg/440px-Townhouses_in_Victoria_Australia.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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<a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Townhouses_in_Victoria_Australia.jpg" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2215%22 height=%2211%22 viewBox=%220 0 11 15%22%3E %3Cg id=%22magnify-clip%22 fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%23000%22%3E %3Cpath id=%22bigbox%22 d=%22M1.509 1.865h10.99v7.919H1.509z%22/%3E %3Cpath id=%22smallbox%22 d=%22M-1.499 6.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #0b0080; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
A photograph of Townhouses in <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria,_Australia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Victoria, Australia">Victoria, Australia</a></div>
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<dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;">
<dt style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Major categories</dt>
</dl>
<ul style="list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%225%22 height=%2213%22%3E %3Ccircle cx=%222.5%22 cy=%229.5%22 r=%222.5%22 fill=%22%2300528c%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Attached / multi-unit dwellings<ul style="list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%225%22 height=%2213%22%3E %3Ccircle cx=%222.5%22 cy=%229.5%22 r=%222.5%22 fill=%22%2300528c%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); list-style-type: disc; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartment" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Apartment">Apartment</a> (American English) or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartment" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Apartment">Flat</a> (British English) – An individual unit in a multi-unit building. The boundaries of the apartment are generally defined by a perimeter of locked or lockable doors. Often seen in multi-story <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartment_building" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Apartment building">apartment buildings</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-family_residential" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Multi-family residential">Multi-family house</a> – Often seen in multi-story detached buildings, where each floor is a separate apartment or unit.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terraced_house" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Terraced house">Terraced house</a> (a. k. a. <i>townhouse</i> or <i>rowhouse</i>) – A number of single or multi-unit buildings in a continuous row with shared walls and no intervening space.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condominium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Condominium">Condominium</a> (American English) – A building or complex, similar to apartments, owned by individuals. Common grounds and common areas within the complex are owned and shared jointly. In North America, there are <i>townhouse</i> or <i>rowhouse</i> style condominiums as well. The British equivalent is a block of flats.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a> (a. k. a. co-op) – A type of multiple ownership in which the residents of a multi-unit housing complex own shares in the cooperative corporation that owns the property, giving each resident the right to occupy a specific apartment or unit.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-detached" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Semi-detached">Semi-detached</a> dwellings<ul style="list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%225%22 height=%2213%22%3E %3Ccircle cx=%222.5%22 cy=%229.5%22 r=%222.5%22 fill=%22%2300528c%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); list-style-type: disc; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplex_(building)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Duplex (building)">Duplex</a> – Two units with one shared wall.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Detached dwellings<ul style="list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%225%22 height=%2213%22%3E %3Ccircle cx=%222.5%22 cy=%229.5%22 r=%222.5%22 fill=%22%2300528c%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); list-style-type: disc; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detached_house" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Detached house">Detached house</a> or <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-family_detached_house" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Single-family detached house">single-family detached house</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Portable dwellings<ul style="list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%225%22 height=%2213%22%3E %3Ccircle cx=%222.5%22 cy=%229.5%22 r=%222.5%22 fill=%22%2300528c%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); list-style-type: disc; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_home" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mobile home">Mobile homes</a> or <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residential_caravan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Residential caravan">residential caravans</a> – A full-time residence that can be (although might not in practice be) movable on wheels.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houseboat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Houseboat">Houseboats</a> – A floating home</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tent" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tent">Tents</a> – Usually temporary, with roof and walls consisting only of fabric-like material.</li>
</ul>
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</ul>
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The size of an apartment or house can be described in square feet or meters. In the United States, this includes the area of "living space", excluding the garage and other non-living spaces. The "square meters" figure of a house in Europe may report the total area of the walls enclosing the home, thus including any attached garage and non-living spaces, which makes it important to inquire what kind of surface area definition has been used. It can be described more roughly by the number of rooms. A <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_apartment" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Studio apartment">studio apartment</a> has a single bedroom with no living room (possibly a separate kitchen). A one-bedroom apartment has a living or dining room separate from the bedroom. Two bedroom, three bedroom, and larger units are common. (A bedroom is a separate room intended for sleeping. It commonly contains a bed and, in newer dwelling units, a built-in closet for clothes storage.)</div>
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<dt style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Other categories</dt>
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<ul style="list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%225%22 height=%2213%22%3E %3Ccircle cx=%222.5%22 cy=%229.5%22 r=%222.5%22 fill=%22%2300528c%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chawls" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chawls">Chawls</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Villa">Villas</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havelis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Havelis">Havelis</a></li>
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The size of these is measured in Gaz (square yards), Quila, Marla, Beegha, and acre.</div>
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See <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_house_types" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of house types">List of house types</a> for a complete listing of housing types and layouts, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate_trends" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Real estate trends">real estate trends</a> for shifts in the market, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="House">house</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Home">home</a> for more general information.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Sales_and_marketing">Sales and marketing</span></h2>
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It is common practice for an intermediary to provide real estate owners with dedicated sales and marketing support in exchange for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_(remuneration)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Commission (remuneration)">commission</a>. In North America, this intermediary is referred to as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate_broker" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Real estate broker">real estate broker</a> (or realtor), or a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate_agent" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Real estate agent">real estate agent</a> in everyday conversation, whilst in the United Kingdom, the intermediary would be referred to as an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estate_agent" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Estate agent">estate agent</a>. In Australia the intermediary is referred to as a real estate agent or real estate representative or the agent.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate#cite_note-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup></div>
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ProBeggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07638759199181013879noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5800037888895588450.post-40310692265321308202019-04-10T20:40:00.000-07:002019-04-10T20:40:23.015-07:00Donation Wikipedia<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 1.8em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; overflow: visible; padding: 0px;">
Donation</h1>
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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<span class="mw-redirectedfrom"> (Redirected from <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donate&redirect=no" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Donate">Donate</a>)</span></div>
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For other uses, see <a class="mw-disambig" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donation_(disambiguation)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Donation (disambiguation)">Donation (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
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To donate to the Wikimedia Foundation, see <a class="extiw" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Donate" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="foundation:Donate">the donation page</a>.</div>
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A Freebox in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Germany">Germany</a>, 2005, serving as a distribution center for free donated materials</div>
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A <b>donation</b> is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gift" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gift">gift</a> for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charity_(practice)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Charity (practice)">charity</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Humanitarian aid">humanitarian aid</a>, or to benefit a cause. A donation may take various forms, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Money">money</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alms" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Alms">alms</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_(economics)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Service (economics)">services</a>, or goods such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothing" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Clothing">clothing</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Toy">toys</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Food">food</a>, or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vehicle">vehicles</a>. A donation may satisfy medical needs such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Blood">blood</a> or <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_transplant" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Organ transplant">organs for transplant</a>.</div>
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Charitable donations of goods or services are also called <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifts_in_kind" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gifts in kind">gifts in kind</a></i>.</div>
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Contents</h2>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donation#Donating_statistics" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Donating statistics</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donation#Legal_aspects" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Legal aspects</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donation#Donating_in_the_name_of_others" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Donating in the name of others</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donation#See_also" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donation#References" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">References</span></a></li>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Donating_statistics">Donating statistics</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donation&action=edit&section=1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Donating statistics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blood_Drive_Bus_2008_March_MA.JPG" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2304" data-file-width="3072" decoding="async" height="165" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Blood_Drive_Bus_2008_March_MA.JPG/220px-Blood_Drive_Bus_2008_March_MA.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Blood_Drive_Bus_2008_March_MA.JPG/330px-Blood_Drive_Bus_2008_March_MA.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Blood_Drive_Bus_2008_March_MA.JPG/440px-Blood_Drive_Bus_2008_March_MA.JPG 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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<a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blood_Drive_Bus_2008_March_MA.JPG" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2215%22 height=%2211%22 viewBox=%220 0 11 15%22%3E %3Cg id=%22magnify-clip%22 fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%23000%22%3E %3Cpath id=%22bigbox%22 d=%22M1.509 1.865h10.99v7.919H1.509z%22/%3E %3Cpath id=%22smallbox%22 d=%22M-1.499 6.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #0b0080; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
A blood collection bus (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodmobile" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bloodmobile">bloodmobile</a>) from Children's Hospital Boston at a manufacturing facility in Massachusetts: Blood banks sometimes use a modified bus or similar large vehicle to provide mobile facilities for donation.</div>
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In the United States, in 2007, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bureau of Labor Statistics">Bureau of Labor Statistics</a> found that American households in the lowest fifth in terms of wealth, gave on average a higher percentage of their incomes to charitable organizations than those households in the highest fifth.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donation#cite_note-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charity_Navigator" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Charity Navigator">Charity Navigator</a> writes that, according to Giving USA, Americans gave $298 billion in 2011 (about 2% of GDP).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CNGiving_2-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donation#cite_note-CNGiving-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup> The majority of donations were from individuals (73%), then from <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bequests" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bequests">bequests</a>(about 12%), foundations (2%) and less than 1% from corporations. The largest sector to receive donations was religious organizations (32%), then education (13%). Giving has increased in 3 out of 4 years since 1971 (with the occasional declines occurring around recession years).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CNGiving_2-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donation#cite_note-CNGiving-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackbaud" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Blackbaud">Blackbaud</a> reports that, in the US, online giving in 2012 grew 11% on a year-over-year basis. The percentage of total <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundraising" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fundraising">fundraising</a> that comes from online giving was about 7% in 2012. This was an increase from 6% in 2011 and is nearing the record level of 8% from 2010 when online giving spiked in response to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Haiti_earthquake" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="2010 Haiti earthquake">Haitian earthquake</a> relief efforts. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_MacLaughlin" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Steve MacLaughlin">Steve MacLaughlin</a> notes in the report that "the Internet has now become the first-response channel of choice for donors during disasters and other emergency events." <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-OnlineBlackbaud2012_3-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donation#cite_note-OnlineBlackbaud2012-3" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup></div>
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Blackbaud's 2015 Charitable Giving report revealed a 9% increase in online giving compared to 2014. In addition, online giving represented 7% of overall fundraising, with 14% of online donations made on mobile devices. Donations made on the international online giving day <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donation#GivingTuesday" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">#GivingTuesday</a> were up 52% from the previous year.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donation#cite_note-4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Legal_aspects">Legal aspects</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donation&action=edit&section=2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Legal aspects">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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Donations are given without return consideration. This lack of return <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consideration" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Consideration">consideration</a> means that, in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Common law">common law</a>, an agreement to make a donation is an "imperfect contract void for want of consideration."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donation#cite_note-5" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup> Only when the donation is actually made does it acquire legal status as a transfer or property.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-US_Legal_6-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donation#cite_note-US_Legal-6" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup></div>
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In politics, the law of some countries may prohibit or restrict the extent to which politicians may accept gifts or donations of large sums of money, especially from business or <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobby_group" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lobby group">lobby groups</a> (see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_finance" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Campaign finance">campaign finance</a>). Donations of money or property to qualifying charitable organizations are also usually <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_deduction" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tax deduction">tax deductible</a>. Because this reduces the state's tax income, calls have been raised that the state (and the public in general) should pay more attention towards ensuring that charities actually use this 'tax money' in suitable ways.</div>
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There have been discussions on whether also a donation of time should be tax deductible.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donation#cite_note-7" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup></div>
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The person or institution giving a gift is called the <b>donor</b>, and the person or institution getting the gift is called the <b>donee</b>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-US_Legal_6-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donation#cite_note-US_Legal-6" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Donating_in_the_name_of_others">Donating in the name of others</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donation&action=edit&section=3" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Donating in the name of others">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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It is possible to donate in the name of a third party, making a gift in honor or in memory of someone or something. Gifts in honor or memory of a third party are made for various reasons, such as holiday gifts, wedding gifts, in memory of somebody who has died, in memory of pets or in the name of groups or associations no longer existing. Memorial gifts are sometimes requested by their survivors (e.g. "in lieu of flowers, contributions may be made to ABC Charity"), usually directing donations to a charitable organization for which the deceased was a donor or volunteer, or for a cause befitting the deceased's priorities in life or manner of death. Memorial donations are also sometimes given by people if they are unable to attend the ceremony.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donation&action=edit&section=4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%225%22 height=%2213%22%3E %3Ccircle cx=%222.5%22 cy=%229.5%22 r=%222.5%22 fill=%22%2300528c%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative_Consumption" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Collaborative Consumption">Collaborative Consumption</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audience_effect" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Audience effect">Audience effect</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charitable_organization" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Charitable organization">Charitable contribution</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowdfunding" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Crowdfunding">Crowdfunding</a> & <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitarian_Crowdfunding" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Humanitarian Crowdfunding">Humanitarian Crowdfunding</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donation#cite_note-8" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donation_(in_canon_law)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Donation (in canon law)">Donation (in canon law)</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gift_economy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-donations" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Micro-donations">Micro-donations</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philanthropy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Philanthropy">Philanthropy</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculation_in_kind" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Calculation in kind">Money-free economy</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_altruism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Effective altruism">Effective altruism</a></li>
<li></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
ProBeggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07638759199181013879noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5800037888895588450.post-57121697784810509242019-04-10T20:30:00.000-07:002019-04-10T20:30:22.425-07:00Wikipedia Begging<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 1.8em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; overflow: visible; padding: 0px;">
Begging</h1>
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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<a class="mw-jump-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#mw-head" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); color: #0b0080; display: block; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute !important; text-decoration-line: none; width: 1px;">Jump to navigation</a><a class="mw-jump-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#p-search" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); color: #0b0080; display: block; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute !important; text-decoration-line: none; width: 1px;">Jump to search</a><div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="direction: ltr;">
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For other uses, see <a class="mw-disambig" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging_(disambiguation)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Begging (disambiguation)">Begging (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
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"Beggar" redirects here. It is not to be confused with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begga" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Begga">Begga</a> or <a class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bega_(disambiguation)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bega (disambiguation)">Bega (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bettler_in_Teheran_Sevruguin_02.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2567" data-file-width="1818" decoding="async" height="250" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Bettler_in_Teheran_Sevruguin_02.jpg/177px-Bettler_in_Teheran_Sevruguin_02.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Bettler_in_Teheran_Sevruguin_02.jpg/265px-Bettler_in_Teheran_Sevruguin_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Bettler_in_Teheran_Sevruguin_02.jpg/354px-Bettler_in_Teheran_Sevruguin_02.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="177" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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A beggar in 1880s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, photographed by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoin_Sevruguin" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Antoin Sevruguin">Antoin Sevruguin</a></div>
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<b>Begging</b> (also <b>panhandling</b> or <b>mendicancy</b>) is the practice of imploring others to grant a favor, often a gift of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Money">money</a>, with little or no expectation of reciprocation. A person doing such is called a <b>beggar</b>, <b>panhandler</b>, or <b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendicant" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mendicant">mendicant</a></b>. Street beggars may be found in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_space" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Public space">public places</a> such as transport routes, urban parks, and near busy markets. Besides money, they may also ask for food, drink, cigarettes or other small items.</div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_begging" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Internet begging">Internet begging</a> is the modern practice of asking people to give money to others over the internet, rather than in person. Internet begging is usually targeted at people who are acquainted with the beggar, but it may be advertised to strangers. Internet begging encompasses requests for help meeting <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_needs" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Basic needs">basic needs</a> such as food, clothing, and shelter, as well as requests for people to pay for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacation" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vacation">vacations</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_trips" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="School trips">school trips</a>, and other things that the beggar wants but can't comfortably afford.</div>
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Contents</h2>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#History" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">History</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#Greece" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Greece</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#Britain" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Britain</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#In_India" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">In India</span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#Religious_begging" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Religious begging</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#Legal_restrictions" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Legal restrictions</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#Australia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Australia</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#Austria" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Austria</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#Canada" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Canada</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#China" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">China</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#Ming_China" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.4.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Ming China</span></a></li>
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</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#Denmark" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Denmark</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#Finland" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Finland</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#France" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.7</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">France</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#Greece_2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.8</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Greece</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#Hungary" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.9</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Hungary</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#India" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.10</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">India</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#Italy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.11</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Italy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#Japan" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.12</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Japan</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#Luxembourg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.13</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Luxembourg</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#Norway" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.14</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Norway</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#Philippines" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.15</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Philippines</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#Portugal" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.16</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Portugal</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#Romania" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.17</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Romania</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#England_&_Wales" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.18</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">England & Wales</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#United_States" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.19</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">United States</span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#Use_of_funds" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Use of funds</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#Communities_reducing_street_begging" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Communities reducing street begging</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#Notable_beggars" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Notable beggars</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#See_also" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">7</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#References" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">8</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#Further_reading" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">9</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#External_links" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">10</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">External links</span></a></li>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Begging&action=edit&section=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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Beggars have existed in human society since before the dawn of recorded history. Street begging has happened in most societies around the world, though its prevalence and exact form vary.</div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beggar_in_Uppsala,_Sweden.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="3744" data-file-width="5616" decoding="async" height="147" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Beggar_in_Uppsala%2C_Sweden.jpg/220px-Beggar_in_Uppsala%2C_Sweden.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Beggar_in_Uppsala%2C_Sweden.jpg/330px-Beggar_in_Uppsala%2C_Sweden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Beggar_in_Uppsala%2C_Sweden.jpg/440px-Beggar_in_Uppsala%2C_Sweden.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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<a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beggar_in_Uppsala,_Sweden.jpg" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2215%22 height=%2211%22 viewBox=%220 0 11 15%22%3E %3Cg id=%22magnify-clip%22 fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%23000%22%3E %3Cpath id=%22bigbox%22 d=%22M1.509 1.865h10.99v7.919H1.509z%22/%3E %3Cpath id=%22smallbox%22 d=%22M-1.499 6.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #0b0080; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
A beggar in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppsala" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Uppsala">Uppsala</a>, Sweden. June 2014.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Greece">Greece</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Begging&action=edit&section=2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Greece">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ancient Greeks">Ancient Greeks</a> distinguished between the <i>penes</i> (Greek: ποινής, "active poor") and the <i>ptochos</i> (Greek: πτωχός, "passive poor"). The <i>penes</i> was somebody with a job, only not enough to make a living, while the <i>ptochos</i>depended on others entirely. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_poor" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Working poor">working poor</a> were accorded a higher social status.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#cite_note-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> contains several references to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>' status as the savior of the <i>ptochos</i>, usually translated as "the poor", considered the most wretched portion of society.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Britain">Britain</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Begging&action=edit&section=3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Britain">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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<i>A Caveat or Warning for Common Cursitors, vulgarly called vagabonds</i>, was first published in 1566 by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Harman" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Thomas Harman">Thomas Harman</a>. From early modern England, another example is <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Greene_(16th_century)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Robert Greene (16th century)">Robert Greene</a> in his <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coney-catching" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Coney-catching">coney-catching</a> pamphlets, the titles of which included "The Defence of Conny-catching," in which he argued there were worse crimes to be found among "reputable" people. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beggar%27s_Opera" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Beggar's Opera">The Beggar's Opera</a></i> is a ballad opera in three acts written in 1728 by John Gay. <i>The Life and Adventures of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bampfylde_Moore_Carew" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bampfylde Moore Carew">Bampfylde Moore Carew</a></i> was first published in 1745. There are similar writers for many European countries in the early modern period.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div>
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According to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_J._Spielvogel" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jackson J. Spielvogel">Jackson J. Spielvogel</a>, "Poverty was a highly visible problem in the eighteenth century, both in cities and in the countryside... Beggars in Bologna were estimated at 25 percent of the population; in Mainz, figures indicate that 30 percent of the people were beggars or prostitutes... In France and Britain by the end of the century, an estimated 10 percent of the people depended on charity or begging for their food."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#cite_note-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup></div>
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The British <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poor_Law" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Poor Law">Poor Laws</a>, dating from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, placed various restrictions on begging. At various times, begging was restricted to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Disability">disabled</a>. This system developed into the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workhouse" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Workhouse">workhouse</a>, a state-operated institution where those unable to obtain other employment were forced to work in often grim conditions in exchange for a small amount of food. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_state" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> of the 20th century greatly reduced the number of beggars by directly providing for the basic necessities of the poor from state funds.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="In_India">In India</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Begging&action=edit&section=4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: In India">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:India_-_Kolkata_street_beggar_-_3246.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2200" data-file-width="3301" decoding="async" height="120" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/India_-_Kolkata_street_beggar_-_3246.jpg/180px-India_-_Kolkata_street_beggar_-_3246.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/India_-_Kolkata_street_beggar_-_3246.jpg/270px-India_-_Kolkata_street_beggar_-_3246.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/India_-_Kolkata_street_beggar_-_3246.jpg/360px-India_-_Kolkata_street_beggar_-_3246.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="180" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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<a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:India_-_Kolkata_street_beggar_-_3246.jpg" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2215%22 height=%2211%22 viewBox=%220 0 11 15%22%3E %3Cg id=%22magnify-clip%22 fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%23000%22%3E %3Cpath id=%22bigbox%22 d=%22M1.509 1.865h10.99v7.919H1.509z%22/%3E %3Cpath id=%22smallbox%22 d=%22M-1.499 6.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #0b0080; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
A street beggar in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="India">India</a> gets into a car</div>
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Begging is an age old social phenomenon in India. In the medieval and earlier times begging was considered to be an acceptable occupation which was embraced within the traditional social structure.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#cite_note-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup> This system of begging and alms-giving to mendicants and the poor is still widely practiced in India, with over 400,000 beggars in 2015.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#cite_note-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup></div>
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In contemporary India, beggars are often stigmatized as undeserving. People often believe that beggars are not destitute and instead call them professional beggars.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="This information is too vague. (May 2018)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#cite_note-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (May 2018)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There is a wide perception of begging scams.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#cite_note-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup> This view is refuted by grassroots research organizations such as Aashray Adhikar Abhiyan, which claim that beggars and other homeless people are overwhelmingly destitute and vulnerable. Their studies indicate that 99 percent men and 97 percent women resort to beggary due to abject poverty, distress migration from rural villages and the unavailability of employment.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#cite_note-:0-7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Religious_begging">Religious begging</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Begging&action=edit&section=5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Religious begging">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendicant" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mendicant">Mendicant</a></div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mendicant_in_India.png" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="225" data-file-width="171" decoding="async" height="225" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Mendicant_in_India.png" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="171" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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<a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mendicant_in_India.png" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2215%22 height=%2211%22 viewBox=%220 0 11 15%22%3E %3Cg id=%22magnify-clip%22 fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%23000%22%3E %3Cpath id=%22bigbox%22 d=%22M1.509 1.865h10.99v7.919H1.509z%22/%3E %3Cpath id=%22smallbox%22 d=%22M-1.499 6.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #0b0080; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
A mendicant outside ‘<i>Kalkaji Mandir’</i> in Delhi, India</div>
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Many religions have prescribed begging as the only acceptable means of support for certain classes of adherents, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sufism">Sufism</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, and typically to provide a way for certain adherents to focus exclusively on spiritual development without the possibility of becoming caught up in worldly affairs.</div>
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Religious ideals of ‘<i>Bhiksha</i>’ in Hinduism ,‘<i>Charity</i>’ in Christianity besides others promote alms-giving.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#cite_note-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup> This obligation of making gifts to God by alms-giving explains the occurrence of generous donations outside religious sites like temples and mosques to mendicants begging in the name of God.</div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzedakah" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tzedakah">Tzedakah</a> plays a central role in Judaism. According to the Torah, Jews are obligated to contribute 10% of their income as tithes, which also can include giving to the poor.</div>
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In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monk" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Monk">monks</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nun" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nun">nuns</a> traditionally live by begging for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alms" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Alms">alms</a>, as done by the historical <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a> himself. This is, among other reasons, so that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laity" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Laity">Laity</a> can gain religious merit by giving food, medicines, and other essential items to the monks. The monks seldom need to plead for food; in villages and towns throughout modern <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, and other Buddhist countries, householders can often be found at dawn every morning streaming down the road to the local temple to give food to the monks. In East Asia, monks and nuns were expected to farm or work for returns to feed themselves.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#cite_note-9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#cite_note-10" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#cite_note-11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup></div>
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Ming China was founded by former beggar <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongwu_Emperor" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hongwu Emperor">Zhu Yuanzhang.</a> Orphaned in childhood due to famine, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongwu_Emperor" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hongwu Emperor">Zhu Yuanzhang,</a> turned to the Huangjue temple for help. When the temple ran out of resources to support its occupants he became a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendicant" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mendicant">mendicant</a> monk traveling China begging for food.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#cite_note-12" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Legal_restrictions">Legal restrictions</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Begging&action=edit&section=6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Legal restrictions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-homelessness_legislation" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Anti-homelessness legislation">Anti-homelessness legislation</a></div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kindness_meter_ottawa_2011.jpeg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="800" data-file-width="600" decoding="async" height="232" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Kindness_meter_ottawa_2011.jpeg/174px-Kindness_meter_ottawa_2011.jpeg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Kindness_meter_ottawa_2011.jpeg/261px-Kindness_meter_ottawa_2011.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Kindness_meter_ottawa_2011.jpeg/348px-Kindness_meter_ottawa_2011.jpeg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="174" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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<a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kindness_meter_ottawa_2011.jpeg" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2215%22 height=%2211%22 viewBox=%220 0 11 15%22%3E %3Cg id=%22magnify-clip%22 fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%23000%22%3E %3Cpath id=%22bigbox%22 d=%22M1.509 1.865h10.99v7.919H1.509z%22/%3E %3Cpath id=%22smallbox%22 d=%22M-1.499 6.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #0b0080; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
A kindness meter in downtown <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ottawa">Ottawa, Ontario</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Canada">Canada</a>. The meter accepts donations for charitable efforts to help the poor as part of an official effort to discourage panhandling.</div>
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Begging has been restricted or prohibited at various times and for various reasons, typically revolving around a desire to preserve <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_order" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Public order">public order</a> or to induce people to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manual_labour" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Manual labour">work</a> rather than to beg for <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Economic">economic</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Moral">moral</a> reasons. Various European <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poor_Law" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Poor Law">poor laws</a> prohibited or regulated begging from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> to modern times, with varying levels of effectiveness and enforcement. Similar laws were adopted by many developing countries such as India.</div>
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"<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggressive_panhandling" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Aggressive panhandling">Aggressive panhandling</a>" has been specifically prohibited by law in various jurisdictions in the United States and Canada, typically defined as persistent or intimidating begging.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-OK_13-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#cite_note-OK-13" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Australia">Australia</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Begging&action=edit&section=7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Australia">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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Each State and Territory has individual laws regarding begging and panhandling.</div>
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In South Australia, begging for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alms" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Alms">alms</a> is illegal, and may bring a maximum penalty of $250. This legislation is outlined in the Summary Offences Act 1953 - Section 12 <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#cite_note-14" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Austria">Austria</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Begging&action=edit&section=8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Austria">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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There is no nationwide ban but it is illegal in several federal states.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-svt_18jan2015_15-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#cite_note-svt_18jan2015-15" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Canada">Canada</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Begging&action=edit&section=9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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The province of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> introduced its <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe_Streets_Act" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Safe Streets Act">Safe Streets Act</a> in 1999 to restrict specific kinds of begging, particularly certain narrowly defined cases of "aggressive" or abusive begging.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#cite_note-16" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup> In 2001 this law survived a court challenge under the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#cite_note-17" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup> The law was further upheld by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_for_Ontario" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Court of Appeal for Ontario">Court of Appeal for Ontario</a> in January 2007.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#cite_note-18" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[18]</a></sup></div>
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One response to the anti-panhandling laws which were passed was the creation of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Panhandlers_Union" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ottawa Panhandlers Union">Ottawa Panhandlers Union</a> which fights for the political rights of panhandlers. The union is a shop of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a>.</div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> enacted its own <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe_Streets_Act" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Safe Streets Act">Safe Streets Act</a> in 2004 which resembles the Ontario law. There are also critics in that province who oppose such laws.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#cite_note-19" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="China">China</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Begging&action=edit&section=10" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: China">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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Begging in China is illegal if:</div>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Coercing, decoying or utilizing others to beg;</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Forcing others to beg, repeatedly tangling or using other means of nuisance.</li>
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Those cases are violations of the Article 41 of the Public Security Administration Punishment Law of the People's Republic of China. For the first case, offenders would receive a detention between 10 days and 15 days, with an additional fine under <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Renminbi">RMB</a> 1,000; for the second case, it is punishable by a 5-day detention or warning.</div>
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According to Article 262(2) or the Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China, organizing disabled or children under 14 to beg is illegal and will be punished by up to 7 years in prison, and fined.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Ming_China">Ming China</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Begging&action=edit&section=11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Ming China">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h4>
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After the establishment of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ming dynasty">Ming Dynasty</a> many farmers and unemployed laborers in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> were forced to beg to survive.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:1_20-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#cite_note-:1-20" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[20]</a></sup> Begging was especially difficult during Ming times due to high taxes that limited the disposable income of most individuals.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:2_21-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#cite_note-:2-21" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></sup> Beijing's harsh winters were a difficult challenge for beggars. To avoid freezing to death, some beggars paid porters one copper coin to sleep in their warehouse for the night. Others turned to burying themselves in manure and eating <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a> to avoid the pain of the cold. Thousands of beggars died of poison and exposure to the elements every year.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:1_20-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#cite_note-:1-20" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[20]</a></sup></div>
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Begging was some people's primary occupation. A <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Qing dynasty">Qing Dynasty</a> source describes that "professional beggars" were not considered to be <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_poverty" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Extreme poverty">destitute</a>, and as such were not allowed to receive government relief, such as food rations, clothing, and shelter.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#cite_note-22" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[22]</a></sup> Beggars would often perform or train animals to perform to earn coins from passerby.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:2_21-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#cite_note-:2-21" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></sup> Although beggars were of low status in Ming, they were considered to have higher social standing over prostitutes, entertainers, runners, and soldiers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:3_23-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#cite_note-:3-23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[23]</a></sup></div>
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Some individuals capitalized on beggars and became "Beggar Chiefs". Beggar chiefs provided security in the form of food for beggars and in return received a portion of beggars daily earnings as tribute. Beggar chiefs would often lend out their surplus income back to beggars and charge interest, furthering their subjects dependence on them to the point of near slavery. Although beggar chiefs could acquire significant wealth they were still looked upon as low class citizens. The title of beggar chief was often passed through family line and could stick with an individual through occupational changes.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:3_23-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#cite_note-:3-23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[23]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Denmark">Denmark</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Begging&action=edit&section=12" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Denmark">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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Begging in Denmark is illegal under section 197 of the penal code. Begging or letting a member of your household under 18 beg is illegal after being warned by the police and is punishable by 6 months in jail.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-svt_18jan2015_15-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#cite_note-svt_18jan2015-15" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#cite_note-24" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[24]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Finland">Finland</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Begging&action=edit&section=13" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Finland">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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Begging has been legal in Finland since 1987 when the poor law was invalidated. In 2003, the Public Order Act replaced any local government rules and completely decriminalized begging.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#cite_note-25" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[25]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="France">France</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Begging&action=edit&section=14" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: France">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OldBeggar1.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="432" data-file-width="323" decoding="async" height="218" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/OldBeggar1.jpg/163px-OldBeggar1.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/OldBeggar1.jpg/244px-OldBeggar1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/OldBeggar1.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="163" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Dewis" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Louis Dewis">Louis Dewis</a>, "The Old Beggar", <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux,_France" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bordeaux, France">Bordeaux, France</a>, 1916</div>
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A law against begging ended in 1994 but begging with aggressive animals or children is still outlawed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-svt_18jan2015_15-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#cite_note-svt_18jan2015-15" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Greece_2">Greece</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Begging&action=edit&section=15" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Greece">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Woman_begging.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2616" data-file-width="3488" decoding="async" height="165" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a8/Woman_begging.jpg/220px-Woman_begging.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a8/Woman_begging.jpg/330px-Woman_begging.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a8/Woman_begging.jpg/440px-Woman_begging.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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A woman begging at traffic lights in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patras" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Patras">Patras</a>, Greece.</div>
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Under article 407 of the Greek Penal Code, begging was punishable by up to 6 months in jail and up to a 3000 euro fine. However, this law was repelled in November 2018, after protests from street musicians in the city of Thessaloniki. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-svt_18jan2015_15-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#cite_note-svt_18jan2015-15" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Hungary">Hungary</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Begging&action=edit&section=16" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Hungary">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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Hungary has a nationwide ban. This may include stricter related laws in cities such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, which prohibits picking things from rubbish bins.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-svt_18jan2015_15-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#cite_note-svt_18jan2015-15" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="India">India</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Begging&action=edit&section=17" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: India">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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Begging is criminalized in cities such as Mumbai and Delhi as per the Bombay Prevention of Begging Act, BPBA (1959).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#cite_note-26" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup> Under this law, officials of the Social Welfare Department assisted by the police, conduct raids to pick up beggars who they then try in special courts called ‘beggar courts’. If convicted, they are sent to certified institutions called ‘beggar homes’ also known as ‘<i>Sewa Kutir’</i> for a period ranging from one to ten years for detention, training and employment. The government of Delhi, besides criminalizing alms-seeking has also criminalized alms-giving on traffic signals to reduce the ‘nuisance’ of begging and ensure the smooth flow of traffic.</div>
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Aashray Adhikar Abhiyan and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Union_for_Civil_Liberties" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="People's Union for Civil Liberties">People's Union of Civil Liberties, PUCL</a> have critiqued this Act and advocated for its repeal.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Criminalizing_Poverty_27-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#cite_note-Criminalizing_Poverty-27" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[27]</a></sup> Section 2(1) of the BPBA broadly defines ‘beggars’ as those individuals who directly solicit alms as well as those who have no visible means of subsistence and are found wandering around as beggars. Therefore, during the implementation of this law the homeless are often mistaken as beggars.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#cite_note-:0-7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup> Beggar homes, which are meant to provide vocational training, have been often found to have abysmal living conditions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Criminalizing_Poverty_27-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#cite_note-Criminalizing_Poverty-27" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[27]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Italy">Italy</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Begging&action=edit&section=18" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Italy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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Begging with children or animals is forbidden but the law is not enforced.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-svt_18jan2015_15-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#cite_note-svt_18jan2015-15" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Japan">Japan</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Begging&action=edit&section=19" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Japan">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_monk" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Buddhist monk">Buddhist monks</a> appear in public when begging for alms.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-JNTO_28-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#cite_note-JNTO-28" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[28]</a></sup> Although <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homelessness_in_Japan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Homelessness in Japan">homelessness in Japan</a> is common, such people rarely beg.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Begging&action=edit&section=20" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Luxembourg">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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Begging in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> is legal except when it is indulged in as a group or the beggar is a part of an organised effort. According to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chachipe" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chachipe">Chachipe</a> a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Romani people">Roma</a> rights advocacy <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGO" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="NGO">NGO</a> 1639 begging cases were reported by Luxembourgian law enforcement authorities. Roma beggars were arrested, handcuffed, taken to police stations and held for hours and had their money confiscated.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CouncilOfEurope-20120601_29-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#cite_note-CouncilOfEurope-20120601-29" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[29]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Norway">Norway</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Begging&action=edit&section=21" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Norway">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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Begging is banned in some counties and there were plans for a nationwide ban in 2015, however this was dropped after the Centre Party withdrew their support.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-svt_18jan2015_15-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#cite_note-svt_18jan2015-15" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup></div>
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<a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ivan_Yermenyov._Singing_beggars.jpg" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2215%22 height=%2211%22 viewBox=%220 0 11 15%22%3E %3Cg id=%22magnify-clip%22 fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%23000%22%3E %3Cpath id=%22bigbox%22 d=%22M1.509 1.865h10.99v7.919H1.509z%22/%3E %3Cpath id=%22smallbox%22 d=%22M-1.499 6.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #0b0080; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
<i>The Singing Beggars</i> by Russian painter Ivan Yermenyov c. 1775</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Philippines">Philippines</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Begging&action=edit&section=22" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Philippines">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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Begging is prohibited in the Philippines under the Anti-Mendicancy Law of 1978 although this is not strictly enforced.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#cite_note-30" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[30]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Portugal">Portugal</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Begging&action=edit&section=23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Portugal">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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In Portugal, panhandlers normally beg in front of Catholic churches, at traffic lights or on special places in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> or <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oporto" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Oporto">Oporto</a> downtowns. Begging is not illegal in Portugal. Many social and religious institutions support homeless people and panhandlers and the Portuguese Social Security normally gives them a survival monetary subsidy.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Romania">Romania</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Begging&action=edit&section=24" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Romania">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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Law 61 of 1991 forbids the persistent call for the mercy of the public, by a person who is able to work.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#cite_note-31" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[31]</a></sup></div>
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US State Department Human Rights reports note a pattern of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Romani people">Roma</a> children registered for "vagrancy and begging".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#cite_note-32" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[32]</a></sup></div>
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In a 1786 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Gillray" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="James Gillray">James Gillray</a>caricature, the plentiful <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_bags" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Money bags">money bags</a> handed to <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George_III" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="King George III">King George III</a> are contrasted with the beggar whose legs and arms were amputated, in the left corner</div>
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<span id="England_.26_Wales"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="England_&_Wales">England & Wales</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Begging&action=edit&section=25" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: England & Wales">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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Begging is illegal under the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagrancy_Act_1824" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vagrancy Act 1824">Vagrancy Act of 1824</a>. However it does not carry a jail sentence and is not well enforced in many cities,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#cite_note-33" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[33]</a></sup> although since the Act applies in all public places it is enforced more frequently on public transport.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="United_States">United States</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Begging&action=edit&section=26" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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In parts of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco,_California" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="San Francisco, California">San Francisco, California</a>, aggressive panhandling is prohibited.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#cite_note-34" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[34]</a></sup></div>
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In May 2010, police in the city of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Boston">Boston</a> started cracking down on panhandling in the streets in downtown, and were conducting an educational outreach to residents advising them not to give to panhandlers. The Boston police distinguished active solicitation, or aggressive panhandling, versus passive panhandling of which an example is opening doors at a store with a cup in hand but saying nothing.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#cite_note-35" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[35]</a></sup></div>
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U. S. Courts have repeatedly ruled that begging is protected by the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Amendment_of_the_United_States_Constitution" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="First Amendment of the United States Constitution">First Amendment's</a> free speech provisions. On August 14, 2013, the U. S. Court of Appeals struck down a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids, Michigan</a> anti-begging law on free speech grounds.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#cite_note-36" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[36]</a></sup> An <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcata,_California" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Arcata, California">Arcata, California</a> law banning panhandling within twenty feet of stores was struck down on similar grounds in 2012.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#cite_note-37" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[37]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Use_of_funds">Use of funds</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Begging&action=edit&section=27" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Use of funds">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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A beggar in Denver, USA in 2018.</div>
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A man holding a sign using self-deprecating humor for begging</div>
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A 2002 study of 54 panhandlers in Toronto reported that of a median monthly income of $638 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_dollar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Canadian dollar">Canadian dollars</a> (CAD), those interviewed spent a median of $200 CAD on food and $192 CAD on alcohol, tobacco and illegal drugs, according to <i>Income and spending patterns among panhandlers</i>, by Rohit Bose and Stephen W. Hwang.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#cite_note-38" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[38]</a></sup> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraser_Institute" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fraser Institute">Fraser Institute</a> criticized this study, citing problems with potential exclusion of lucrative forms of begging and the unreliability of reports from the panhandlers who were polled in the Bose/Hwang study.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#cite_note-39" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[39]</a></sup></div>
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In North America, panhandling money is widely reported to support substance abuse and other addictions. For example, outreach workers in downtown <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg,_Manitoba" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Winnipeg, Manitoba">Winnipeg, Manitoba</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Canada">Canada</a>, surveyed that city's panhandling community and determined that approximately three-quarters use some of the donated money to buy tobacco products, while two-thirds buy solvents or alcohol.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-WinnipegBiz_40-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#cite_note-WinnipegBiz-40" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[40]</a></sup> In Midtown Manhattan, one outreach worker anecdotally commented to the New York Times that substance abuse accounts for 90 percent of panhandling funds.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#cite_note-41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[41]</a></sup> This, too, may not be representative since outreach workers work with those with abuse problems.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Communities_reducing_street_begging">Communities reducing street begging</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Begging&action=edit&section=28" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Communities reducing street begging">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Signs_in_Sarahan,_India.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="670" data-file-width="602" decoding="async" height="278" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Signs_in_Sarahan%2C_India.jpg/250px-Signs_in_Sarahan%2C_India.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Signs_in_Sarahan%2C_India.jpg/375px-Signs_in_Sarahan%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Signs_in_Sarahan%2C_India.jpg/500px-Signs_in_Sarahan%2C_India.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="250" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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Please do not Encourage the Beggars <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarahan" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sarahan">Sarahan</a>, India</div>
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Because of concerns that people begging on the street may use the money to support alcohol or drug abuse, some advise those wishing to give to beggars to give gift cards or vouchers for food or services, and not cash.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-WinnipegBiz_40-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#cite_note-WinnipegBiz-40" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[40]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#cite_note-42" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[42]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#cite_note-43" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[43]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#cite_note-44" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[44]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-45" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#cite_note-45" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[45]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-46" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#cite_note-46" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[46]</a></sup> Some shelters also offer business cards with information on the shelter's location and services, which can be given in lieu of cash.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-47" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#cite_note-47" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[47]</a></sup> This has been criticised since there are typically far fewer shelter beds than people in need.</div>
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"<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_with_the_Twisted_Lip" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Man with the Twisted Lip">The Man with the Twisted Lip</a>", illustrated by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Paget" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sidney Paget">Sidney Paget</a>, a beggar playing a major role in a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sherlock Holmes">Sherlock Holmes</a> adventure.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Notable_beggars">Notable beggars</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Begging&action=edit&section=29" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Notable beggars">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bampfylde_Moore_Carew" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bampfylde Moore Carew">Bampfylde Moore Carew</a>, self-styled King of the Beggars</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogenes_of_Sinope" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Diogenes of Sinope">Diogenes of Sinope</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a>, the founder of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> accepted alms from people to survive<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-48" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging#cite_note-48" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[48]</a></sup></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Gavroche Thenardier in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a>'s <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Les Misérables">Les Misérables</a></i></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazarus_and_Dives" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lazarus and Dives">Lazarus</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Xun" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wu Xun">Wu Xun</a> was a Chinese wandering beggar and educational reformer</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Nicholas Jennings in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Harman" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Thomas Harman">Thomas Harman</a>'s <i>Caveat for Common Cursitors</i></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Chan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="So Chan">So Chan</a>, Chinese folk hero of Drunken Fist</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobri_Dobrev" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dobri Dobrev">Dobri Dobrev</a>, Bulgarian ascetic and philanthropist</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongwu_Emperor" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hongwu Emperor">Zhu Yuanzhang</a>, the founder of the Ming Dynasty</li>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Begging&action=edit&section=30" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging_behavior_in_animals" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Begging behavior in animals">Begging behavior in animals</a></li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging_letter" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Begging letter">Begging letter</a></li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belisarius" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Belisarius">Belisarius</a></li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busking" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Busking">Busking</a></li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafficking_of_children#Child_begging" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Trafficking of children">Child Begging</a></li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundraising" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fundraising">Fundraising</a></li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garbage_picking" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080;" title="">Garbage picking</a></li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendicant_Orders" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mendicant Orders">Mendicant Orders</a></li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_fundraising" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Street fundraising">Street fundraising</a></li>
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ProBeggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07638759199181013879noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5800037888895588450.post-80081825455097485882019-04-10T20:21:00.000-07:002019-04-10T20:31:50.888-07:00Wikipedia Grimms Fairy Tales<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 1.8em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; overflow: visible; padding: 0px;">
<i>Grimms' Fairy Tales</i></h1>
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For the comic series, see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimm_Fairy_Tales_(comics)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Grimm Fairy Tales (comics)">Grimm Fairy Tales (comics)</a>.</div>
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Not to be confused with <a class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimm_Tales_(disambiguation)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Grimm Tales (disambiguation)">Grimm Tales (disambiguation)</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimm%27s_Fairy_Tale_Classics" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Grimm's Fairy Tale Classics">Grimm's Fairy Tale Classics</a>.</div>
<table class="infobox vcard" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-spacing: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.32px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 22em;"><caption style="font-size: 15.4px; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; padding: 0.2em;">Grimms' Fairy Tales<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grimms%27+Fairy+Tales&rft.author=%5B%5BJakob+Grimm%7CJakob%5D%5D+and+%5B%5BWilhelm+Grimm%5D%5D"></span></caption><tbody>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grimm%27s_Kinder-_und_Hausm%C3%A4rchen,_Erster_Theil_(1812).cover.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Grimm's Kinder- und Hausmärchen, Erster Theil (1812).cover.jpg" data-file-height="307" data-file-width="239" decoding="async" height="283" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Grimm%27s_Kinder-_und_Hausm%C3%A4rchen%2C_Erster_Theil_%281812%29.cover.jpg/220px-Grimm%27s_Kinder-_und_Hausm%C3%A4rchen%2C_Erster_Theil_%281812%29.cover.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Grimm%27s_Kinder-_und_Hausm%C3%A4rchen%2C_Erster_Theil_%281812%29.cover.jpg 1.5x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><br />
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Title page of first volume of Grimms' <i>Kinder- und Hausmärchen</i> (1819) 2nd Ed.</div>
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<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Author</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_Grimm" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jakob Grimm">Jakob</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Grimm" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wilhelm Grimm">Wilhelm Grimm</a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Original title</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>Kinder- und Hausmärchen<br />(lit. Children's and Household Tales)</i></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Country</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Germany">Germany</a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Language</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">German</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Genre</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><div class="plainlist">
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_tale" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fairy tale">Fairy tale</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Folklore">Folklore</a></li>
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<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Published</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">1812–1858</td></tr>
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<i><b>Grimms' Fairy Tales</b></i>, originally known as the <i><b>Children's and Household Tales</b></i> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Kinder- und Hausmärchen</i>, <small style="font-size: 11.9px;">pronounced </small><span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none !important;" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˌkɪndɐ ʔʊnt ˈhaʊsmɛːɐ̯çən]</a></span>), is a collection of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_tale" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fairy tale">fairy tales</a> by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Brothers Grimm">Grimm brothers</a> or "Brothers Grimm", <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_Grimm" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jakob Grimm">Jakob</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Grimm" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wilhelm Grimm">Wilhelm</a>, first published on 20 December 1812. The first edition contained 86 stories, and by the seventh edition in 1857, had 211 unique fairy tales.</div>
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Contents</h2>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales#Origin" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Origin</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales#Professor_Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Professor Friedrich Carl von Savigny</span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales#Composition" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Composition</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales#Popularity" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Popularity</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales#Influence" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Influence</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales#English_translations" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">English translations</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales#Of_the_first_edition" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">5.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Of the first edition</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales#Of_the_seventh_edition" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">5.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Of the seventh edition</span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales#List_of_fairy_tales" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">List of fairy tales</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales#Volume_1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">6.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Volume 1</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales#Volume_2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">6.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Volume 2</span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales#No_longer_included_in_the_last_edition" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">7</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">No longer included in the last edition</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales#References" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">8</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales#External_links" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">9</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">External links</span></a></li>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Origin">Origin</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales&action=edit&section=1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Origin">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm were two of nine children from their mother Dorothea (Née Zimmer) and father Philipp Wilhelm Grimm. Philipp was a highly regarded district magistrate in Steinau, near Kassel. Jacob and Wilhelm were sent to school for a classical education once they were of age, while their father was working. They were very hard-working pupils throughout their education. They followed their father’s footsteps and started to pursue a degree in law. However, in 1796, their father died at the age of 44 from pneumonia. This was a tragic time for the Grimms because the family lost all financial support and relied on their aunt, Henriette Zimmer, and grandfather, Johanne Hermann Zimmer. At the age of 11, Jacob was compelled to be head of the household and provide for his family. After down-sizing their home because of financial reasons, Henriette sent Jacob and Wilhelm to study at the prestigious high school, Lyzeum, in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassel" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kassel">Kassel</a>. In school, their grandfather wrote to them saying that because of their current situation, they needed to apply themselves industriously to secure their future welfare.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-zipes_1-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales#cite_note-zipes-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup></div>
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Shortly after attending Lyzeum, their grandfather died and they were again left to themselves to support their family in the future. The two became intent on becoming the best students at Lyzeum, since they wanted to live up to their deceased father. They studied more than twelve hours a day and established similar work habits. They also shared the same bed and room at school. After four years of rigorous schooling, Jacob graduated head of his class in 1802. Wilhelm contracted asthma and scarlet fever, which delayed his graduation by one year although he was also head of his class. Both were given special dispensations for studying law at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Marburg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="University of Marburg">University of Marburg</a>. They particularly needed this dispensation because their social standing at the time was not high enough to have normal admittance. University of Marburg was a small, 200-person university where most students were more interested in activities than schooling. Most of the students received stipends even though they were the richest in the state. The Grimms did not receive any stipends because of their social standing; however, they were not upset by it since it kept the distractions away.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-zipes_1-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales#cite_note-zipes-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Professor_Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny">Professor Friedrich Carl von Savigny</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales&action=edit&section=2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Professor Friedrich Carl von Savigny">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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Jacob attended the university first and showed proof of his hard work ethic and quick intelligence. Wilhelm joined Jacob at the university, and Jacob drew the attention of Professor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny">Friedrich Carl von Savigny</a>, founder of its historical school of law. He became a huge personal and professional influence on the brothers. Throughout their time at university, the brothers became quite close with Savigny and were able to use his personal library as they became very interested in German law, history, and folklore. Savigny asked Jacob to join him in Paris as an assistant and Jacob went with him for a year. While he was gone, Wilhelm became very interested in German literature and started collecting books. Once Jacob returned to Kassel in 1806, he decided to quit studying law and instead spent his full efforts on German literature. While Jacob studied literature and took care of their siblings, Wilhelm received his degree in law at Marburg.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-zipes_1-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales#cite_note-zipes-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup> During the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, Jacob interrupted his studies to serve the Hessian War Commission.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jackz_2-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales#cite_note-jackz-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup></div>
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In 1808, their mother died and it was hard on Jacob because he took the position in the family as a father figure, while also trying to be a brother. From 1806 to 1810, the Grimm family had barely enough money to properly feed and clothe themselves. During this time, Jacob and Wilhelm were concerned about the stability of the family.</div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Achim_von_Arnim" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ludwig Achim von Arnim">Achim von Arnim</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemens_Brentano" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Clemens Brentano">Clemens Brentano</a> were good friends of the brothers and wanted to publish folk tales, so they asked the brothers to collect oral tales for publication. The Grimms collected many old books and asked friends and acquaintances in Kassel to tell tales and to gather stories from others. Jacob and Wilhelm sought to collect these stories in order to write a history of old German Poesie and to preserve history.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-zipes_1-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales#cite_note-zipes-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Composition">Composition</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales&action=edit&section=3" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Composition">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Complete_Grimm%27s_Fairy_Tales_(Book_Cover)_Published_September_1976.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="5152" data-file-width="3864" decoding="async" height="293" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/The_Complete_Grimm%27s_Fairy_Tales_%28Book_Cover%29_Published_September_1976.jpg/220px-The_Complete_Grimm%27s_Fairy_Tales_%28Book_Cover%29_Published_September_1976.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/The_Complete_Grimm%27s_Fairy_Tales_%28Book_Cover%29_Published_September_1976.jpg/330px-The_Complete_Grimm%27s_Fairy_Tales_%28Book_Cover%29_Published_September_1976.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/The_Complete_Grimm%27s_Fairy_Tales_%28Book_Cover%29_Published_September_1976.jpg/440px-The_Complete_Grimm%27s_Fairy_Tales_%28Book_Cover%29_Published_September_1976.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><br />
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<a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Complete_Grimm%27s_Fairy_Tales_(Book_Cover)_Published_September_1976.jpg" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2215%22 height=%2211%22 viewBox=%220 0 11 15%22%3E %3Cg id=%22magnify-clip%22 fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%23000%22%3E %3Cpath id=%22bigbox%22 d=%22M1.509 1.865h10.99v7.919H1.509z%22/%3E %3Cpath id=%22smallbox%22 d=%22M-1.499 6.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3C/svg%3E"); color: #0b0080; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
A copy of the 1976 English edition, containing 210 tales</div>
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The first volume of the first edition was published in 1812, containing 86 stories; the second volume of 70 stories followed in 1815. For the second edition, two volumes were issued in 1819 and a third in 1822, totaling 170 tales. The third edition appeared in 1837; fourth edition, 1840; fifth edition, 1843; sixth edition, 1850; seventh edition, 1857. Stories were added, and also subtracted, from one edition to the next, until the seventh held 211 tales. All editions were extensively illustrated, first by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Grot_Johann" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Philipp Grot Johann">Philipp Grot Johann</a> and, after his death in 1892, by German illustrator Robert Leinweber.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div>
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The first volumes were much criticized because, although they were called "Children's Tales", they were not regarded as suitable for children, both for the scholarly information included and the subject matter.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales#cite_note-3" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup> Many changes through the editions – such as turning the wicked mother of the first edition in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_White" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Snow White">Snow White</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansel_and_Gretel" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hansel and Gretel">Hansel and Gretel</a></i> (shown in original Grimm stories as Hänsel and Grethel) to a stepmother, were probably made with an eye to such suitability. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Zipes" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jack Zipes">Jack Zipes</a> believes that the Grimms made the change in later editions because they “held motherhood sacred”.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales#cite_note-4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup></div>
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They removed sexual references—such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapunzel" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rapunzel">Rapunzel</a>'s innocently asking why her dress was getting tight around her belly, and thus naively revealing to the witch Dame Gothel her pregnancy and the prince's visits—but, in many respects, violence, particularly when punishing villains, was increased.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales#cite_note-5" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Popularity">Popularity</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales&action=edit&section=4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Popularity">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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The brothers' initial intention of their first book, Children’s and Household Tales, was to establish a name for themselves in the world. After the first book was published in 1812, they began their second volume, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Sagen" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Deutsche Sagen">German Legends</a>,</i>which was published in 1818. The book that started their international success was not any of their tales, but Jacob’s publication of <i>German Grammar</i> in 1819. This was one year after their publication of the <i>German Legends</i>. In 1825, the Brothers published their <i>Kleine Ausgabe</i> or "small edition", a selection of 50 tales designed for child readers. This children's version went through ten editions between 1825 and 1858.</div>
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In 1830, Jacob became a professor at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="University of Göttingen">University of Göttingen</a> and shortly after, in 1835, Wilhelm also became a professor. During these years Jacob wrote a third volume of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_grammar" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="German grammar">German Grammar</a></i> and Wilhelm prepared the third revision of the <i>Children’s and Household Tales</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-zipes_1-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales#cite_note-zipes-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup></div>
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In 1837, King Ernst August II revoked the constitution of 1833 and was attempting to restore <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Absolute monarchy">absolutism</a> for the Kingdom of Hannover. Since Göttingen was a part of Hannover, the brothers were expected to take an oath of allegiance. However, the brothers and five other professors led a protest against this and were heavily supported by the student body since all of these professors were well renowned. Jacob left Göttingen immediately and Wilhelm followed him a few months later back to Kassel.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales#cite_note-6" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup></div>
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In Kassel, the Grimms devoted themselves to researching and studying. A close friend of theirs, Bettina von Arnim, was also a talented writer. Savigny and others convinced the King of Prussia, Friedrich Wilhelm IV, to allow the brothers to teach and conduct research at the University of Berlin. In March 1841, the brothers did just this and also continued to work on the <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Dictionary" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="German Dictionary">German Dictionary</a></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales#cite_note-7" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Influence">Influence</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales&action=edit&section=5" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Influence">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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<i>Kinder- und Hausmärchen</i> (Children and Household Tales) is listed by UNESCO in its Memory of the World Registry.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jackz_2-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales#cite_note-jackz-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup></div>
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The Grimms believed that the most natural and pure forms of culture were linguistic and based in history.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jackz_2-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales#cite_note-jackz-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup> The work of the Brothers Grimm influenced other collectors, both inspiring them to collect tales and leading them to similarly believe, in a spirit of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Romantic nationalism">romantic nationalism</a>, that the fairy tales of a country were particularly representative of it, to the neglect of cross-cultural influence.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales#cite_note-8" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup> Among those influenced were the Russian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Afanasyev" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Alexander Afanasyev">Alexander Afanasyev</a>, the Norwegians <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Christen_Asbj%C3%B8rnsen" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Peter Christen Asbjørnsen">Peter Christen Asbjørnsen</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_Moe" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jørgen Moe">Jørgen Moe</a>, the English <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Jacobs" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Joseph Jacobs">Joseph Jacobs</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_Curtin" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jeremiah Curtin">Jeremiah Curtin</a>, an American who collected Irish tales.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales#cite_note-9" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup> There was not always a pleased reaction to their collection. Joseph Jacobs was in part inspired by his complaint that English children did not read English fairy tales;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales#cite_note-10" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup> in his own words, "What <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Perrault" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Charles Perrault">Perrault</a> began, the Grimms completed".</div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._H._Auden" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a> praised the collection during World War II as one of the founding works of Western culture.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales#cite_note-11" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup> The tales themselves have been put to many uses. Hitler praised them as folkish tales showing children with sound racial instincts seeking racially pure marriage partners, and so strongly that the Allied forces warned against them;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales#cite_note-12" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup> for instance, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinderella" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cinderella">Cinderella</a></i> with the heroine as racially pure, the stepmother as an alien, and the prince with an unspoiled instinct being able to distinguish.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales#cite_note-13" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup> Writers who have written about the Holocaust have combined the tales with their memoirs, as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Yolen" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jane Yolen">Jane Yolen</a> in her <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briar_Rose_(novel)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Briar Rose (novel)">Briar Rose</a></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales#cite_note-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></div>
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Three individual works of Wilhelm Grimm include <i>Altdänische Heldenlieder, Balladen und Märchen</i> ('Old Danish Heroic Songs, Ballads, and Folktales') in 1811, <i>Über deutsche Runen</i> ('On German Runes') in 1821, and <i>Die deutsche Heldensage</i> ('The German Heroic Saga') in 1829.</div>
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The Grimm anthology has been a source of inspiration for artists and composers. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Rackham" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Arthur Rackham">Arthur Rackham</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Crane" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Walter Crane">Walter Crane</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rie_Cramer" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rie Cramer">Rie Cramer</a> are among the artists who have created illustrations based on the stories.</div>
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ProBeggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07638759199181013879noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5800037888895588450.post-7528094520331487622019-02-06T02:56:00.000-08:002019-02-06T03:17:20.439-08:00Domain Shopping<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-size: large;">So I have been Shopping for Domains with the #ProBegger Charity Label and I will now list the Domains here:</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">#ProBegger #ProBeggar @ProBegger @ProBeggar <br />
As You See It. Charity. Donate.</td></tr>
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If I think of anymore addresses I haven't added here on this page I will add them at a later date.<br />
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-0AraJimaHC8/XFrB2-DuabI/AAAAAAAAClk/rySs4okQkSQGh5JpSw9KO9SN_g4eTaVjwCLcBGAs/s1600/Darcy%2BLee.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="165" data-original-width="220" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-0AraJimaHC8/XFrB2-DuabI/AAAAAAAAClk/rySs4okQkSQGh5JpSw9KO9SN_g4eTaVjwCLcBGAs/s1600/Darcy%2BLee.JPG" /></a><br />
Support my ProBegger Charity of which donations go towards a house and living, Darcy Lee, age 40.<br />
<br />
Leeda<br />
D R Lee<br />
Darcy Robert Lee<br />
Probegger<br />
ProbeggarProBeggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07638759199181013879noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5800037888895588450.post-67457048031049528632018-12-22T21:14:00.001-08:002018-12-22T21:14:17.931-08:00Facebook #ProBegger<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Ha8XI7X8qVM/XB8ZgDnCabI/AAAAAAAACiU/G3U3Q0IPd1YZCTjte7OdbR92j8XtD1W3QCLcBGAs/s1600/Facebook.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="194" data-original-width="259" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Ha8XI7X8qVM/XB8ZgDnCabI/AAAAAAAACiU/G3U3Q0IPd1YZCTjte7OdbR92j8XtD1W3QCLcBGAs/s1600/Facebook.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">@ProBegger on Facebook.</td></tr>
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I just managed to setup a page and grab the address <a href="https://www.facebook.com/ProBegger">https://www.facebook.com/ProBegger</a> or <a href="https://www.fb.com/ProBegger">https://www.fb.com/ProBegger</a> on facebook.<br />
<br />
Amazeballs.<br />
<br />
What will happen is i'll probably forget that I have it so never post to it. I don't feel like posting to it and have no ideas to post to it. At the moment it points to this page. Good though that I got the @ProBegger handle.<br />
<br />
Amazeballs.<br />
<br />
Another link pointing to this page cool.<br />
<br />
Added Label (Funds)<br />
<br />
#ProBegger<br />
@ProBegger<br />
<a href="http://www.probegger.com/">ProBegger.com</a><br />
<br />
Darcy Lee<br />
LeedaProBeggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07638759199181013879noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5800037888895588450.post-62285601451548972252018-12-22T04:51:00.000-08:002018-12-22T17:24:26.298-08:00Our Ladys Child<span style="font-size: x-large;">Brothers Grimm Fairytale</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Our Ladys Child</span><br />
<br />
Hard by a great forest dwelt a wood-cutter with his wife, who had an<br />
only child, a little girl three years old. They were so poor,<br />
however, that they no longer had daily bread, and did not know how to<br />
get food for her. One morning the wood-cutter went out sorrowfully<br />
to his work in the forest, and while he was cutting wood, suddenly<br />
there stood before him a tall and beautiful woman with a crown of<br />
shining stars on her head, who said to him 'I am the virgin mary,<br />
mother of the child jesus. You are poor and needy, bring your child<br />
to me, I will take her with me and be her mother, and care for her.'<br />
The wood-cutter obeyed, brought his child, and gave her to the virgin<br />
mary, who took her up to heaven with her. There the child fared<br />
well, ate sugar-cakes, and drank sweet milk, and her clothes were of<br />
gold, and the little angels played with her. And when she was<br />
fourteen years of age, the virgin mary called her one day and said<br />
'dear child, I am about to make a long journey, so take into your<br />
keeping the keys of the thirteen doors of heaven. Twelve of these<br />
you may open, and behold the glory which is within them, but the<br />
thirteenth, to which this little key belongs, is forbidden you. Take<br />
care not to open it, or you will be unhappy.' The girl promised to be<br />
obedient, and when the virgin mary was gone, she began to examine the<br />
dwellings of the kingdom of heaven. Each day she opened one of them,<br />
until she had made the round of the twelve. In each of them sat one<br />
of the apostles in the midst of a great light, and she rejoiced in<br />
all the magnificence and splendor, and the little angels who always<br />
accompanied her rejoiced with her. Then the forbidden door alone<br />
remained, and she felt a great desire to know what could be hidden<br />
behind it, and said to the angels 'I will not open it entirely, and I<br />
will not go inside, but I will unlock it so that we can see just a<br />
little through the opening.' 'Oh'no, said the little angels, 'that<br />
would be a sin. The virgin mary has forbidden it, and it might<br />
easily cause your unhappiness.' Then she was silent, but the desire<br />
in her heart was not stilled, but gnawed there and tormented her, and<br />
let her have no rest. And once when the angels had all gone out, she<br />
thought 'now I am quite alone, and I could peep in. If I do, no one<br />
will ever know.' She sought out the key, and when she had got it in<br />
her hand, she put it in the lock, and when she had put it in, she<br />
turned it round as well. Then the door sprang open, and she saw<br />
there the trinity sitting in fire and splendor. She stayed there<br />
awhile, and looked at everything in amazement, then she touched the<br />
light a little with her finger, and her finger became quite golden.<br />
Immediately a great fear fell on her. She shut the door violently,<br />
and ran hi there. But her terror would not quit her, let her do what she<br />
'Yes, said the girl, for the second time. Then she perceived the<br />
finger which had become golden from touching the fire of heaven, and<br />
saw well that the child had sinned, and said for the third time 'have<br />
you not done it.' 'No, said the girl for the third time. Then said<br />
the virgin mary 'you have not obeyed me, and besides that you have<br />
lied, you are no longer worthy to be in heaven.' Then the girl fell<br />
into a deep sleep, and when she awoke she lay on the earth below, and<br />
in the midst of a wilderness. She wanted to cry out, but she could<br />
bring forth no sound. She sprang up and wanted to run away, but<br />
whithersoever she turned herself, she was continually held back by<br />
thick hedges of thorns through which she could not break. In the<br />
desert, in which she was imprisoned, there stood an old hollow tree,<br />
and this had to be her dwelling-place. Into this she crept when<br />
night came, and here she slept. Here, too, she found a shelter from<br />
might, and her heart beat continually and would not be still, the gold too<br />
stayed on her finger, and would not go away, let her rub it and wash it<br />
never so much. It was not long before the virgin mary came back from her<br />
journey. She called the girl before her, and asked to have the keys of<br />
heaven back. When the maiden gave her the bunch, the virgin looked into<br />
her eyes and said 'have you not opened the thirteenth door also.' 'No, she<br />
replied. Then she laid her hand on the girl's heart, and felt how it beat<br />
and beat, and saw right well that she had disobeyed her order and had<br />
opened the door. Then she said once again 'are you certain that you have<br />
not done it.'<br />
storm and rain, but it was a miserable life, and bitterly did she<br />
weep when she remembered how happy she had been in heaven, and how<br />
the angels had played with her. Roots and wild berries were her only<br />
food, and for these she sought as far as she could go. In the autumn<br />
she picked up the fallen nuts and leaves, and carried them into the<br />
hole. The nuts were her food in winter, and when snow and ice came,<br />
she crept amongst the leaves like a poor little animal that she might<br />
not freeze. Before long her clothes were all torn, and one bit of<br />
them after another fell off her. As soon, however, as the sun shone<br />
warm again, she went out and sat in front of the tree, and her long<br />
hair covered her on all sides like a mantle. Thus she sat year after<br />
year, and felt the pain and the misery of the world. One day, when<br />
the trees were once more clothed in fresh green, the king of the<br />
country was hunting in the forest, and followed a roe, and as it had<br />
fled into the thicket which shut in this part of the forest, he got<br />
off his horse, tore the bushes asunder, and cut himself a path with<br />
his sword. When he had at last forced his way through, he saw a<br />
wonderfully beautiful maiden sitting under the tree, and she sat<br />
there and was entirely covered with her golden hair down to her very<br />
feet. He stood still and looked at her full of surprise, then he<br />
spoke to her and said 'who are you. Why are you sitting here in the<br />
wilderness.' But she gave no answer, for she could not open her<br />
mouth. The king continued 'will you go with me to my castle. Then<br />
she just nodded her head a little. The king took her in his arms,<br />
carried her to his horse, and rode home with her, and when he reached<br />
the royal castle he caused her to be dressed in beautiful garments,<br />
and gave her all things in abundance. Although she could not speak,<br />
she was still so beautiful and charming that he began to love her<br />
with all his heart, and it was not long before he married her. After<br />
a year or so had passed, the queen brought a son into the world.<br />
Thereupon the virgin mary appeared to her in the night when she lay<br />
in her bed alone, and said 'if you will tell the truth and confess<br />
that you did unlock the forbidden door, I will open your mouth and<br />
give you back your speech, but if you persevere in your sin, and deny<br />
obstinately, I will take your new-born child away with me.' The the<br />
queen was permitted to answer, but she remained hard, and said 'no, I<br />
did not open the forbidden door, and the virgin mary took the<br />
new-born child from her arms, and vanished with it. Next morning<br />
when the child was not to be found, it was whispered among the people<br />
that the queen was a man-eater, and had put her own child to death.<br />
She heard all this and could say nothing to the contrary, but the<br />
king would not believe it, for he loved her so much. When a year had<br />
gone by the queen again bore a son, and in the night the virgin mary<br />
again came to her, and said 'if you will confess that you opened the<br />
forbidden door, I will give you your child back and untie your tongue<br />
but if you continue in sin and deny it, I will take away with me this<br />
new child also.' Then the queen again said 'no, I did not open the<br />
forbidden door.' And the virgin took the child out of her arms, and<br />
away with her to heaven. Next morning, when this child also had<br />
disappeared, the people declared quite loudly that the queen had<br />
devoured it, and the king's councillors demanded that she should be<br />
brought to justice. The king however, loved her so dearly that he<br />
would not believe it, and commanded the councillors under pain of<br />
death not to say any more about it. The following year the queen gave<br />
birth to a beautiful little daughter, and for the third time the<br />
virgin mary appeared to her in the night and said 'follow me.' She<br />
took the queen by the hand and led her to heaven, and showed her<br />
there her two eldest children, who smiled at her, and were playing<br />
with the ball of the world. When the queen rejoiced thereat, the<br />
virgin mary said 'is your heart not yet softened. If you will own<br />
that you opened the forbidden door, I will give you back your two<br />
little sons.' But for the third time the queen answered 'no, I did<br />
not open the forbidden door.' Then the virgin let her sink down to<br />
earth once more, and took from her likewise her third child.<br />
<br />
Next morning, when the loss was reported abroad, all the people cried<br />
loudly 'the queen is a man-eater. She must be judged, and the king<br />
was no longer able to restrain his councillors. Thereupon a trial was<br />
held, and as she could not answer, and defend herself, she was<br />
condemned to be burnt at the stake. The wood was got together, and<br />
when she was fast bound to the stake, and the fire began to burn<br />
round about her, the hard ice of pride melted, her heart was moved by<br />
repentance, and she thought 'if I could but confess before my death<br />
that I opened the door.' Then her voice came back to her, and she<br />
cried out loudly 'yes, mary, I did it, and straight-way rain fell<br />
from the sky and extinguished the flames of fire, and a light broke<br />
forth above her, and the virgin mary descended with the two little<br />
sons by her side, and the new-born daughter in her arms. She spoke<br />
kindly to her, and said 'he who repents his sin and acknowledges it,<br />
is forgiven.' Then she gave her the three children, untied her<br />
tongue, and granted her happiness for her whole life.<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
ProBeggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07638759199181013879noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5800037888895588450.post-74644500736528737862018-12-22T04:19:00.000-08:002018-12-22T17:24:12.184-08:00The Frog King or Iron Henry<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-2fc8kBft73Y/XB4rK9Vh9-I/AAAAAAAAChk/0VhXN3DYADs8RoikJQMiKmAJG4nXWxaNACLcBGAs/s1600/Frogstomp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="225" data-original-width="225" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-2fc8kBft73Y/XB4rK9Vh9-I/AAAAAAAAChk/0VhXN3DYADs8RoikJQMiKmAJG4nXWxaNACLcBGAs/s1600/Frogstomp.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<h2>
<span style="font-size: x-large;">Brothers Grimm Fairy Tale</span></h2>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The Frog King or Iron Henry</span><br />
<br />
In olden times when wishing still helped one, there lived a king<br />
whose daughters were all beautiful, but the youngest was so beautiful<br />
that the sun itself, which has seen so much, was astonished whenever<br />
it shone in her face. Close by the king's castle lay a great dark<br />
forest, and under an old lime-tree in the forest was a well, and when<br />
the day was very warm, the king's child went out into the forest and<br />
sat down by the side of the cool fountain, and when she was bored she<br />
took a golden ball, and threw it up on high and caught it, and this<br />
ball was her favorite plaything.<br />
<br />
Now it so happened that on one occasion the princess's golden ball<br />
did not fall into the little hand which she was holding up for it,<br />
but on to the ground beyond, and rolled straight into the water. The<br />
king's daughter followed it with her eyes, but it vanished, and the<br />
well was deep, so deep that the bottom could not be seen. At this<br />
she began to cry, and cried louder and louder, and could not be<br />
comforted. And as she thus lamented someone said to her, "What ails<br />
you, king's daughter? You weep so that even a stone would show pity."<br />
<br />
She looked round to the side from whence the voice came, and saw a<br />
frog stretching forth its big, ugly head from the water. "Ah, old<br />
water-splasher, is it you," she said, "I am weeping for my golden ball,<br />
which has fallen into the well." "Be quiet, and do not weep," answered<br />
the frog, "I can help you, but what will you give me if I bring your<br />
plaything up again?" "Whatever you will have, dear frog," said she, "My<br />
clothes, my pearls and jewels, and even the golden crown which I am<br />
wearing." The frog answered, "I do not care for your clothes, your<br />
pearls and jewels, nor for your golden crown, but if you will love me<br />
and let me be your companion and play-fellow, and sit by you at your<br />
little table, and eat off your little golden plate, and drink out of<br />
your little cup, and sleep in your little bed - if you will promise<br />
me this I will go down below, and bring you your golden ball up<br />
again."<br />
<br />
"Oh yes," said she, "I promise you all you wish, if you will but bring<br />
me my ball back again." But she thought, "How the silly frog does<br />
talk. All he does is to sit in the water with the other frogs, and<br />
croak. He can be no companion to any human being."<br />
<br />
But the frog when he had received this promise, put his head into the<br />
water and sank down; and in a short while came swimmming up again<br />
with the ball in his mouth, and threw it on the grass. The king's<br />
daughter was delighted to see her pretty plaything once more, and<br />
picked it up, and ran away with it. "Wait, wait," said the frog. "Take<br />
me with you. I can't run as you can." But what did it avail him to<br />
scream his croak, croak, after her, as loudly as he could. She did<br />
not listen to it, but ran home and soon forgot the poor frog, who was<br />
forced to go back into his well again.<br />
<br />
The next day when she had seated herself at table with the king and<br />
all the courtiers, and was eating from her little golden plate,<br />
something came creeping splish splash, splish splash, up the marble<br />
staircase, and when it had got to the top, it knocked at the door and<br />
cried, "Princess, youngest princess, open the door for me." She ran to<br />
see who was outside, but when she opened the door, there sat the frog<br />
in front of it. Then she slammed the door to, in great haste, sat<br />
down to dinner again, and was quite frightened. The king saw plainly<br />
that her heart was beating violently, and said, "My child, what are<br />
you so afraid of? Is there perchance a giant outside who wants to<br />
carry you away?" "Ah, no," replied she. "It is no giant but a disgusting<br />
frog."<br />
<br />
"What does a frog want with you?" "Ah, dear father, yesterday as I was<br />
in the forest sitting by the well, playing, my golden ball fell into<br />
the water. And because I cried so, the frog brought it out again for<br />
me, and because he so insisted, I promised him he should be my<br />
companion, but I never thought he would be able to come out of his<br />
water. And now he is outside there, and wants to come in to me."<br />
<br />
In the meantime it knocked a second time, and cried, "Princess,<br />
youngest princess, open the door for me, do you not know what you<br />
said to me yesterday by the cool waters of the well. Princess,<br />
youngest princess, open the door for me."<br />
<br />
Then said the king, "That which you have promised must you perform.<br />
Go and let him in." She went and opened the door, and the frog hopped<br />
in and followed her, step by step, to her chair. There he sat and<br />
cried, "Lift me up beside you." She delayed, until at last the king<br />
commanded her to do it. Once the frog was on the chair he wanted to<br />
be on the table, and when he was on the table he said, "Now, push your<br />
little golden plate nearer to me that we may eat together." She did<br />
this, but it was easy to see that she did not do it willingly. The<br />
frog enjoyed what he ate, but almost every mouthful she took choked<br />
her. At length he said, "I have eaten and am satisfied, now I am<br />
tired, carry me into your little room and make your little silken bed<br />
ready, and we will both lie down and go to sleep."<br />
<br />
The king's daughter began to cry, for she was afraid of the cold frog<br />
which she did not like to touch, and which was now to sleep in her<br />
pretty, clean little bed. But the king grew angry and said, "He who<br />
helped you when you were in trouble ought not afterwards to be<br />
despised by you." So she took hold of the frog with two fingers,<br />
carried him upstairs, and put him in a corner, but when she was in<br />
bed he crept to her and said, "I am tired, I want to sleep as well as<br />
you, lift me up or I will tell your father." At this she was terribly<br />
angry, and took him up and threw him with all her might against the<br />
wall. "Now, will you be quiet, odious frog," said she. But when he<br />
fell down he was no frog but a king's son with kind and beautiful<br />
eyes. He by her father's will was now her dear companion and<br />
husband. Then he told her how he had been bewitched by a wicked<br />
witch, and how no one could have delivered him from the well but<br />
herself, and that to-morrow they would go together into his kingdom.<br />
<br />
Then they went to sleep, and next morning when the sun awoke them, a<br />
carriage came driving up with eight white horses, which had white<br />
ostrich feathers on their heads, and were harnessed with golden<br />
chains, and behind stood the young king's servant Faithful Henry.<br />
Faithful Henry had been so unhappy when his master was changed into a<br />
frog, that he had caused three iron bands to be laid round his heart,<br />
lest it should burst with grief and sadness. The carriage was to<br />
conduct the young king into his kingdom. Faithful Henry helped them<br />
both in, and placed himself behind again, and was full of joy because<br />
of this deliverance. And when they had driven a part of the way the<br />
king's son heard a cracking behind him as if something had broken.<br />
So he turned round and cried, "Henry, the carriage is breaking."<br />
"No, master, it is not the carriage. It is a band from my heart,<br />
which was put there in my great pain when you were a frog and<br />
imprisoned in the well." Again and once again while they were on<br />
their way something cracked, and each time the king's son thought the<br />
carriage was breaking, but it was only the bands which were springing<br />
from the heart of Faithful Henry because his master was set free and<br />
was happy.ProBeggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07638759199181013879noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5800037888895588450.post-60164750351608654682018-12-22T02:59:00.001-08:002019-01-04T00:12:10.899-08:00FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS PROBEGGER FAQ<span style="font-size: large;">FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS - FAQ - PROBEGGER</span><br />
<br />
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-EUaEZo2a9OI/XB4Y6lxtpxI/AAAAAAAAChY/Py3Yf5K-agYhUTYzmxBYBVcQCr_EW2FOACKgBGAs/s1600/Darcy%2BLee.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="123" data-original-width="123" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-EUaEZo2a9OI/XB4Y6lxtpxI/AAAAAAAAChY/Py3Yf5K-agYhUTYzmxBYBVcQCr_EW2FOACKgBGAs/s1600/Darcy%2BLee.JPG" /></a><span style="font-size: large;">#PROBEGGER</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<b>Q1 </b>What is this website:<br />
<br />
<b>A1 </b>This website is here to raise enough money through donations and the power of the internet (Hi there rich people) to purchase a house in Masterton New Zealand where I live. My name is Darcy Lee and I am 40 years old. I'm mostly posting the videos that I have streamed to Youtube but there will be odd commentary.<br />
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<b>Q2</b> How Much Money Do You Need:<br />
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<b>A2 </b>I need approximately 200k US dollars to purchase a house and get everything sorted.<br />
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<b>Q3</b> How Long Have You Been Doing This:<br />
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<b>A3</b> I bought the address <a href="https://www.darcylee.com/">DarcyLee.com</a> about 10 years ago and have been posting there with posts going back to April 2007. I have never really been noticed. <a href="https://www.probegger.com/">ProBegger.com</a> is my latest attempt to earn money through the internet.<br />
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<b>Q4</b> How Much Have You Made So Far:<br />
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<b>A4</b> I have received around $130 US from streaming to Youtube, but this was made within the first two weeks of streaming and i've now long since spent it. It's now been around a year and a half since I made my first stream. I have been paid out once with Google adsense from DarcyLee.com and youtube earnings. I have made about $700 from playing video games but these sources have dried up<br />
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<b>Q5</b> How Can I Donate:<br />
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<b>A5</b> You can clicke the Buy Now Paypal button on this page and use your credit card or paypal account. My current paypal address is DarcyLee78@gmail.com which you can use if you go direct to <a href="http://www.paypal.com/" rel="nofollow">Paypal.com</a><br />
<br />
Alternatively if you want your name to appear on screen in one of my youtube streams then you can go here <a href="https://youtube.streamlabs.com/piratevoice">https://youtube.streamlabs.com/piratevoice</a> Pronounced Poweradvice.<br />
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<br />
I'll update this FAQ as I think of more questions people might ask, i'm not yet at the stage of actually having people ask questions.<br />
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<br />
Darcy Lee<br />
Leeda<br />
#ProbeggerProBeggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07638759199181013879noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5800037888895588450.post-31658254068454268042018-11-25T21:58:00.001-08:002018-11-25T21:58:37.641-08:00Days 42 and 43Day 42<br />
A Place To Chat - Changing History Making History. Day 42.<br />
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Day 43 Part 1<br />
Streaming For Money To Buy A House. A Place To Chat - Changing History Making History. Day 43.<br />
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Day 43 Part 2<br />
Streaming For Money To Buy A House. A Place To Chat - Changing History Making History. Day 43.<br />
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ProbeggerProBeggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07638759199181013879noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5800037888895588450.post-48308811353901693272018-11-25T21:52:00.001-08:002018-11-25T21:52:20.043-08:00Day 41<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
Day 41 Part 1</div>
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Changing History Making History. Day 41. Part 1</div>
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Day 41 Part 2<br />
Changing History Making History. Day 41.<br />
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Day 41 Part 3<br />
Changing History Making History. Day 41.<br />
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ProbeggerProBeggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07638759199181013879noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5800037888895588450.post-86062811170917596392018-11-25T20:52:00.002-08:002018-11-25T20:52:19.212-08:00Days 38 39 40<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
Day 38</div>
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Streaming Music Overnight For Subs. Also Chinese Lessons. Day 38.</div>
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Day 39<br />
Music for Subs. Day 39.<br />
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Day 40 Part 1<br />
Changing History Making History. Day 40.<br />
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Day 40 Part 2<br />
Changing History Making History. Day 40.<br />
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<iframe width="320" height="266" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/gFX0Y88GxPo/0.jpg" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/gFX0Y88GxPo?feature=player_embedded" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></div>
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ProBegger<br />
<br />ProBeggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07638759199181013879noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5800037888895588450.post-86590766780347250882018-11-25T20:46:00.000-08:002018-11-25T20:46:01.915-08:00Days 35 Thirty Six and 37<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
Day 35</div>
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How To Scare Some Terrorists and Make Money. Day 35.</div>
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Day 36<br />
Help Get The Truth Out About Me. Day 36.<br />
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Day 37 Part 1<br />
Help Get The Truth Out About Me. Day 37.<br />
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Day 37 Part 2</div>
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Streaming Music Overnight For Subs. Day 37.</div>
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<iframe width="320" height="266" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/8Vdrp4lNZlM/0.jpg" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/8Vdrp4lNZlM?feature=player_embedded" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="http://www.probegger.com/">ProBegger</a> Darcy Lee</div>
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<br />ProBeggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07638759199181013879noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5800037888895588450.post-91334649171760002722018-11-25T20:36:00.001-08:002018-11-25T20:36:56.666-08:00Days 32 Thirty Three and 34<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
Day 32</div>
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9/11 Truth. Phone Call 2 days B4 = Reward of My Words Being Included In 30 Songs INC Eminem. Day 32.</div>
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Day 33</div>
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How To Scare Some Terrorists and Make Money. Day 33.</div>
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Day 34 Part 1</div>
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How To Scare Some Terrorists and Make Money. Day 34.</div>
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Day 34 Part 2<br />
How To Scare Some Terrorists and Make Money. Day 34.<br />
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<iframe width="320" height="266" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/fGL3jEcTmiM/0.jpg" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/fGL3jEcTmiM?feature=player_embedded" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></div>
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Darcy Lee Probegger</div>
ProBeggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07638759199181013879noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5800037888895588450.post-48207084460799263362018-10-24T01:10:00.001-07:002018-10-24T01:16:36.684-07:00Days 29 Thirty and Thirty One.Day 29<br />
9/11 Truth. Phone Call 2 days B4 = Reward of My Words Being Included In 30 Songs INC Eminem. Day 29.<br />
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Day 30</div>
9/11 Truth. Phone Call 2 days B4 = Reward of My Words Being Included In 30 Songs INC Eminem. Day 30.<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/b2Mgyv7DO1w/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/b2Mgyv7DO1w?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
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Day 31<br />
9/11 Truth. Phone Call 2 days B4 = Reward of My Words Being Included In 30 Songs INC Eminem. Day 31.<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/sN9wGtjwuLg/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/sN9wGtjwuLg?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
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Day 31 Part 2</div>
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9/11 Truth. Phone Call 2 days B4 = Reward of My Words Being Included In 30 Songs INC Eminem. Day 31. Part 2.</div>
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<br />ProBeggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07638759199181013879noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5800037888895588450.post-72941008742781750772018-10-24T01:02:00.002-07:002018-10-24T01:02:47.506-07:00Days 26 27 and 28<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
Day 26</div>
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PULPIT STREAMING TO MAKE 150k TO BUY A COMPUTER SHOP + HOUSE. Day 26.</div>
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Day 27<br />
9/11 Truth. Phone Call 2 days B4 = Reward of My Words Being Included In 30 Songs INC Eminem. Day 27.<br />
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Day 28</div>
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9/11 Truth. Phone Call 2 days B4 = Reward of My Words Being Included In 30 Songs INC Eminem. Day 28. Part 1.</div>
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Day 28 Part 2</div>
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9/11 Truth. Phone Call 2 days B4 = Reward of My Words Being Included In 30 Songs INC Eminem. Day 28. Part 2.</div>
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<br />ProBeggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07638759199181013879noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5800037888895588450.post-74817671268083756562018-10-24T00:54:00.001-07:002018-10-24T00:54:10.391-07:00Days 24 and 25Day 24 Part 1<br />
PULPIT STREAMING TO MAKE 150k TO BUY A COMPUTER SHOP + HOUSE. Day 24. Part 1.<br />
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Day 24 Part 2<br />
PULPIT STREAMING TO MAKE 150k TO BUY A COMPUTER SHOP + HOUSE. Day 24. Part 2<br />
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Day 25<br />
PULPIT STREAMING TO MAKE 150k TO BUY A COMPUTER SHOP + HOUSE. Day 25.<br />
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<br />ProBeggerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07638759199181013879noreply@blogger.com0